PRIA, Government Policy, Made Personal

Summary

The Secretary may buy, accept as a gift, swap, or otherwise get land inside any conservation system unit (except National Forest Wilderness) to carry out the purposes of the Act. The Secretary cannot take land without the owner’s consent if the land is owned by the State or a state subdivision, by a Native corporation or Native group with a majority of Native stockholders, by an occupant who got surface title under 43 U.S.C. 1613(c)(1) or (h)(5) at or around December 2, 1980 (unless the Secretary finds the tract is no longer used for that purpose or is harming the unit), or by that occupant’s spouse or direct descendant unless the Secretary finds harmful activity. Land owned by others also cannot be taken without consent unless, before a final value judgment, the owner refuses an offer of similar public land outside conservation units (if such land is available); the Secretary must consult the Alaska Land Use Council when picking land for exchange. No improved property may be taken without the owner’s consent unless the Secretary first finds the taking is necessary. The owner of improved property may keep a right to use and occupy it for noncommercial residential or recreational purposes for up to 25 years or until the owner’s or spouse’s death, whichever is later, and must choose the term. If the property is bought (not donated), the owner is paid the fair market value minus the value of the retained right. The Secretary can end the retained right if it is used in a way that harms the unit and must pay the remaining unexpired value. “Improved property” means a detached single-family home started before January 1, 1980 (with needed land and structures) or land and structures developed for noncommercial recreation and used on or before January 1, 1980. The Secretary must promptly consider owners’ offers to sell if keeping the land causes undue hardship. The Secretary may also exchange lands or interests with Native corporations, the State, municipalities, other agencies, or private parties on an equal-value basis (cash may be used to equalize value) and may accept unequal value if it is in the public interest. The Secretary may not convey lands in the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (unless validly selected before July 28, 1987) without an Act of Congress. The Secretary may accept donation or exchange of State-owned or validly selected lands that touch a unit; such lands become part of that unit.

Title 16, §3192

Conservation, Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)General authority

Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the Secretary is authorized, consistent with other applicable law in order to carry out the purposes of this Act, to acquire by purchase, donation, exchange, or otherwise any lands within the boundaries of any conservation system unit other than National Forest Wilderness.

(b)Restrictions

Lands located within the boundaries of a conservation system unit which are owned by—

(A)the State or a political subdivision of the State;

(B)a Native Corporation or Native Group which has Natives as a majority of its stockholders;

(C)the actual occupant of a tract, title to the surface estate of which was on, before, or after December 2, 1980, conveyed to such occupant pursuant to section 1613(c)(1) and (h)(5) of title 43, unless the Secretary determines that the tract is no longer occupied for the purpose described in section 1613(c)(1) or (h)(5) of title 43 for which the tract was conveyed and that activities on the tract are or will be detrimental to the purposes of the unit in which the tract is located; or

(D)a spouse or lineal descendant of the actual occupant of a tract described in subparagraph (C), unless the Secretary determines that activities on the tract are or will be detrimental to the purposes of the unit in which the tract is located—

may not be acquired by the Secretary without the consent of the owner.

(c)Exchanges

Lands located within the boundaries of a conservation system unit (other than National Forest Wilderness) which are owned by persons or entities other than those described in subsection (b) of this section shall not be acquired by the Secretary without the consent of the owner unless prior to final judgment on the value of the acquired land, the owner, after being offered appropriate land of similar characteristics and like value (if such land is available from public lands located outside the boundaries of any conservation system unit), chooses not to accept the exchange. In identifying public lands for exchange pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall consult with the Alaska Land Use Council.

(d)Improved property

No improved property shall be acquired under subsection (a) without the consent of the owner unless the Secretary first determines that such acquisition is necessary to the fulfillment of the purposes of this Act or to the fulfillment of the purposes for which the concerned conservation system unit was established or expanded.

(e)Retained rights

The owner of an improved property on the date of its acquisition, as a condition of such acquisition, may retain for himself, his heirs and assigns, a right of use and occupancy of the improved property for noncommercial residential or recreational purposes, as the case may be, for a definite term of not more than twenty-five years, or in lieu thereof, for a term ending at the death of the owner or the death of his spouse, whichever is later. The owner shall elect the term to be reserved. Unless the property is wholly or partially donated, the Secretary shall pay to the owner the fair market value of the owner’s interest in the property on the date of its acquisition, less the fair market value on that date of the right retained by the owner. A right retained by the owner pursuant to this section shall be subject to termination by the Secretary upon his determination that such right is being exercised in a manner inconsistent with the purposes of this Act, and it shall terminate by operation of law upon notification by the Secretary to the holder of the right of such determination and tendering to him the amount equal to the fair market value of that portion which remains unexpired.

(f)“Improved property” defined

For the purposes of this section, the term “improved property” means—

(1)a detached single family dwelling, the construction of which was begun before January 1, 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the “dwelling”), together with the land on which the dwelling is situated to the extent that such land—

(A)is in the same ownership as the dwelling or is Federal land on which entry was legal and proper, and

(B)is designated by the Secretary to be necessary for the enjoyment of the dwelling for the sole purpose of noncommercial residential use, together with any structures necessary to the dwelling which are situated on the land so designated, or

(2)property developed for noncommercial recreational uses, together with any structures accessory thereto which were so used on or before January 1, 1980, to the extent that entry onto such property was legal and proper.

In determining when and to what extent a property is to be considered an “improved property”, the Secretary shall take into consideration the manner of use of such buildings and lands prior to January 1, 1980, and shall designate such lands as are reasonably necessary for the continued enjoyment of the property in the same manner and to the same extent as existed before such date.

(g)Consideration of hardship

The Secretary shall give prompt and careful consideration to any offer made by the owner of any property within a conservation system unit to sell such property, if such owner notifies the Secretary that the continued ownership is causing, or would result in, undue hardship.

(h)Exchange authority

(1)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in acquiring lands for the purposes of this Act, the Secretary is authorized to exchange lands (including lands within conservation system units and within the National Forest System) or interests therein (including Native selection rights) with the corporations organized by the Native Groups, Village Corporations, Regional Corporations, and the Urban Corporations, and other municipalities and corporations or individuals, the State (acting free of the restrictions of section 6(i) of the Alaska Statehood Act), or any Federal agency. Exchanges shall be on the basis of equal value, and either party to the exchange may pay or accept cash in order to equalize the value of the property exchanged, except that if the parties agree to an exchange and the Secretary determines it is in the public interest, such exchanges may be made for other than equal value.

(2)Nothing in this Act or any other provision of law shall be construed as authorizing the Secretary to convey, by exchange or otherwise, lands or interest in lands within the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (other than land validly selected prior to July 28, 1987), without prior approval by Act of Congress.

(i)Donation or exchange

(1)The Secretary is authorized to acquire by donation or exchange, lands (A) which are contiguous to any conservation system unit established or expanded by this Act, and (B) which are owned or validly selected by the State of Alaska.

(2)Any such lands so acquired shall become a part of such conservation system unit.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This Act, referred to in subsecs. (a), (d), (e), (h), and (i)(1), is Pub. L. 96–487, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2371, known as the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 3101 of this title and Tables. section 6(i) of the Alaska Statehood Act, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), is section 6(i) of Pub. L. 85–508, July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 339, which is set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100–395 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

§3192 Land Acquisition Authority