§1437a Rental payments

section 1437f(c)(3)(B) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 550(a)(3)(A)(ii), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2609. section 519(d) of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A)(ii), is section 519(d) of Pub. L. 105–276 which is set out as a note below. The effective day of such Act and the

of such Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2)(A)(ii) and (b)(6)(B)(ii), probably means the general

for the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105–276, title V, included in section 503 of the Act which is set out as an

of 1998 Amendment note under section 1437 of this title. section 206(d) of the Housing and Urban-Rural Recovery Act of 1983, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(A), is section 206(d) of Pub. L. 98–181, which is set out as a note below. The Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(B)(i)(I), is act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, 66 Stat. 163, which is classified principally to chapter 12 (§ 1101 et seq.) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

note set out under section 1101 of Title 8 and Tables. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(B)(i)(I), is Pub. L. 104–193, Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2105. Title IV of the Act is classified principally to chapter 14 (§ 1601 et seq.) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. For complete classification of title IV to the Code, see Tables. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(7)(D), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Part A of title IV of the Act is classified generally to part A (§ 601 et seq.) of subchapter IV of chapter 7 of this title. Title XIX of the Act is classified generally to subchapter XIX (§ 1396 et seq.) of chapter 7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of this title and Tables. section 5 of the Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Improvement Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–248; 126 Stat. 2392), referred to in subsec. (a)(7)(E), is section 5 of Pub. L. 112–248, which was formerly set out in a note under section 3321 of Title 31, Money and Finance, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 116–117, § 3(a)(3), Mar. 2, 2020, 134 Stat. 133. See section 3354 of Title 31. section 503(a) of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, referred to in subsec. (b)(6)(B)(ii), is section 503(a) of Pub. L. 105–276 which is set out as an

of 1998 Amendment note under section 1437 of this title. section 1437bb of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(C), was repealed by Pub. L. 104–330, title V, § 501(a), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4041. section 811, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(C), means section 811 of the United States Housing Act of 1937, but that Act does not contain a section 811.

A prior section 3 of act Sept. 1, 1937, ch. 896, 50 Stat. 889, as amended, established the United States Housing Authority and was classified to section 1403 of this title, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 93–383. Prior similar provisions were contained in section 2 of act Sept. 1, 1937, ch. 896, 50 Stat. 888, which was classified to section 1402 of this title prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 93–383.

2022—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 117–328 added par. (9). 2020—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 116–260, § 101(b)(1), added par. (8). Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 116–260, § 103(a), in first sentence, added cl. (v) after “tenant family,” and redesignated former cl. (v) as (vi) and, in second sentence, inserted “or (vi)” after “clause (v)”. 2016—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–201, § 102(a)(1)(A), substituted “pursuant to paragraph (6)” for “at least annually” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(6), (7). Pub. L. 114–201, § 102(a)(1)(B), added pars. (6) and (7). Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 114–201, § 102(c), added pars. (4) and (5) and struck out former pars. (4) and (5) which defined the terms “income” and “adjusted income”, respectively. Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 114–201, § 102(a)(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (d) and struck out former subsecs. (d) and (e) which related to disallowance of earned income from rent determinations and individual savings accounts, respectively. 2015—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted before period at end of second sentence “; except that, in the case of any family with a fixed income, as defined by the Secretary, after the initial review of the family’s income, the public housing agency or owner shall not be required to conduct a review of the family’s income for any year for which such family certifies, in accordance with such requirements as the Secretary shall establish, which shall include policies to adjust for inflation-based income changes, that 90 percent or more of the income of the family consists of fixed income, and that the sources of such income have not changed since the previous year, except that the public housing agency or owner shall conduct a review of each such family’s income not less than once every 3 years”. 2014—Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 113–235, § 238(3), substituted “If” for “Public housing agencies must comply by June 1, 2014, with the requirement of this clause, except that if” in concluding provisions. Pub. L. 113–235, § 238(1), substituted “which—” for “which shall not be lower than 80 percent of the applicable fair market rental established under section 1437f(c) of this title and which shall—” in introductory provisions, added subcl. (I), and struck out former subcl. (I) which read as follows: “be based on the rental value of the unit, as determined by the public housing agency; and”. Pub. L. 113–76, § 210(2), inserted concluding provisions and struck out former concluding provisions, which read as follows: “The rental amount for a dwelling unit shall be considered to comply with the requirements of this clause if such amount does not exceed the actual monthly costs to the public housing agency attributable to providing and operating the dwelling unit. The preceding sentence may not be construed to require establishment of rental amounts equal to or based on operating costs or to prevent public housing agencies from developing flat rents required under this clause in any other manner that may comply with this clause.” Pub. L. 113–76, § 210(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “Each” for “Except as otherwise provided under this clause, each” and inserted “not be lower than 80 percent of the applicable fair market rental established under section 1437f(c) of this title and which shall” after “which shall”. Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(i)(II). Pub. L. 113–235, § 238(2), inserted “shall” before “be designed”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 113–76, § 238(a), designated first sentence as subpar. (A), second sentence as subpar. (B), and remaining sentences as subpar. (D), and added subpar. (C). Subsec. (b)(6)(A). Pub. L. 113–76, § 212, inserted “, or a consortium of such entities or bodies as approved by the Secretary” before period at end. 2008—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 110–289 inserted “or any deferred Department of Veterans Affairs disability benefits that are received in a lump sum amount or in prospective monthly amounts” before “may not be considered”. 2000—Subsec. (b)(3)(E)(iii). Pub. L. 106–402 substituted “section 15002 of this title” for “section 6001 of this title”. 1999—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 106–74, § 214(a)(1), inserted “, or the owner responsible for determining the participant’s eligibility or level of benefits,” after “A public housing agency” and “, or to the owner responsible for determining the participant’s eligibility or level of benefits” before period at end. Subsec. (f)(2)(C). Pub. L. 106–74, § 214(a)(2), added subpar. (C). 1998—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–276, § 507(c), inserted “and subject to the requirement under paragraph (3)” after “paragraph (2)” in third sentence. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–276, § 523, amended par. (2) generally. For prior text, see 1996 Amendment note below. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–276, § 507(a), added par. (3). Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 105–276, § 524(a), added pars. (4) and (5). Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–276, § 506(1), inserted after second sentence “The term ‘public housing’ includes dwelling units in a mixed finance project that are assisted by a public housing agency with capital or operating assistance.” Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 105–276, § 508(c)(1), substituted “limits for Westchester and Rockland Counties” for “limits for Westchester County”, inserted “each” before “such county”, substituted “include Westchester or Rockland Counties” for “include Westchester County” and “included Westchester and Rockland Counties” for “included Westchester County”, and inserted at end “In determining areas that are designated as difficult development areas for purposes of the low-income housing tax credit, the Secretary shall include Westchester and Rockland Counties, New York, in the New York City metropolitan area.” Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 105–276, § 506(2)(A), struck out at end “In determining priority for admission to housing under this chapter, the Secretary shall give preference to single persons who are elderly, disabled, or displaced persons before single persons who are eligible under clause (v) of the first sentence.” Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 105–276, § 506(2)(B), substituted “public housing agency plan” for “

of the Secretary” in second sentence. Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 105–276, § 506(3), inserted at end “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no individual shall be considered a person with disabilities, for purposes of eligibility for low-income housing under this subchapter, solely on the basis of any drug or alcohol dependence. The Secretary shall consult with other appropriate Federal agencies to implement the preceding sentence.” Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 105–276, § 508(a), amended par. (5) generally, substituting present provisions for provisions which had defined “adjusted income” as income which remained after excluding $550 for each member of family in household under 18 years of age, disabled, or a student, $400 for any elderly or disabled family, the amount by which medical and related expenses exceeded 3 percent of income, child care expenses, 10 percent of earned income, and any payment made for support and maintenance of nonresident child, spouse, or former spouse. Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 105–276, § 546, amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: “The term ‘public housing agency’ means any State, county, municipality, or other governmental entity or public body (or agency or instrumentality thereof) which is authorized to engage in or assist in the development or operation of low-income housing.” Subsec. (b)(9) to (13). Pub. L. 105–276, § 506(4), added pars. (9) to (13). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–276, § 508(b)(1)(A), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by striking out the undesignated par. after par. (3), was executed by striking out concluding provisions after par. (5), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Concluding provisions read as follows: “The earnings of and benefits to any public housing resident resulting from participation in a program providing employment training and supportive services in accordance with the Family Support Act of 1988, section 1437t of this title, or any comparable Federal, State, or local law shall not be considered as income for the purposes of determining a limitation on the amount of rent paid by the resident during— “(1) the period that the resident participates in such program; and “(2) the period that— “(A) begins with the commencement of employment of the resident in the first job acquired by the person after completion of such program that is not funded by assistance under this chapter; and “(B) ends on the earlier of— “(i) the date the resident ceases to continue employment without good cause as the Secretary shall determine; or “(ii) the expiration of the 18-month period beginning on the date referred to in subparagraph (A).” Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–276, § 520(a), inserted before period at end of second sentence “, but does not include the costs associated with the demolition of or remediation of environmental hazards associated with public housing units that will not be replaced on the project site, or other extraordinary site costs as determined by the Secretary”. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 105–276, § 508(b)(1)(B), added subsecs. (d) and (e). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–276, § 508(d)(1), added subsec. (f). 1996—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–99, § 402(b)(1), (f), temporarily amended par. (2) generally, substituting “(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a public housing agency may— “(A) adopt ceiling rents that reflect the reasonable market value of the housing, but that are not less than the monthly costs— “(i) to operate the housing of the agency; and “(ii) to make a deposit to a replacement reserve (in the sole discretion of the public housing agency); and “(B) allow families to pay ceiling rents referred to in subparagraph (A), unless, with respect to any family, the ceiling rent established under this paragraph would exceed the amount payable as rent by that family under paragraph (1).” for “(2)(A) Any public housing agency may provide that each family residing in a public housing project owned and operated by such agency (or in low-income housing assisted under section 1437f of this title that contains more than 2,000 dwelling units) shall pay as monthly rent an amount determined by such agency to be appropriate that does not exceed a maximum amount that— “(i) is established by such agency and approved by the Secretary; “(ii) is not more than the amount payable as rent by such family under paragraph (1); and “(iii) is not less than the average monthly amount of debt service and operating expenses attributable to dwelling units of similar size in public housing projects owned and operated by such agency. “(B) The terms of all ceiling rents established prior to December 15, 1989, shall be extended without time limitation.” See Effective and Termination Dates of 1996

note below. Subsec. (b)(5)(F). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(1)(A)(i), inserted “and” after semicolon. Subsec. (b)(5)(G). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(1)(A)(ii), (iii), redesignated subpar. (H) as (G) and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: “excessive travel expenses, not to exceed $25 per family per week, for employment- or education-related travel, except that this subparagraph shall apply only to families assisted by Indian housing authorities; and”. Subsec. (b)(5)(H). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(1)(A)(iii), redesignated subpar. (H) as (G). Pub. L. 104–99, § 402(c), (f), temporarily added subpar. (H) which read “for public housing, any other adjustments to earned income established by the public housing agency. If a public housing agency adopts other adjustments to income pursuant to subparagraph (H), the Secretary shall not take into account any reduction of or increase in the public housing agency’s per unit dwelling rental income resulting from those adjustments when calculating the contributions under section 1437g of this title for the public housing agency for the operation of the public housing.” See Effective and Termination Dates of 1996

note below. Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(1)(B), struck out at end “The term includes any Indian housing authority.” Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(1)(C), inserted “and” before “the Trust” and struck out “, and Indian tribes” after “Pacific Islands”. Subsec. (b)(9) to (12). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(1)(D), struck out pars. (9) to (12) which read as follows: “(9) The term ‘Indian’ means any person recognized as being an Indian or Alaska Native by an Indian tribe, the Federal Government, or any State. “(10) The term ‘Indian area’ means the area within which an Indian housing authority is authorized to provide low-income housing. “(11) The term ‘Indian housing authority’ means any entity that— “(A) is authorized to engage in or assist in the development or operation of low-income housing for Indians; and “(B) is established— “(i) by exercise of the power of self-government of an Indian tribe independent of State law; or “(ii) by operation of State law providing specifically for housing authorities for Indians, including regional housing authorities in the State of Alaska. “(12) The term ‘Indian tribe’ means any tribe, band, pueblo, group, community, or nation of Indians or Alaska Natives.” 1994—Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 103–233 substituted “includes families with children and” for “means families with children”. 1992—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–550, § 185(c)(4), substituted “section 1437f(o) or (y) of this title or paying rent under section 1437f(c)(3)(B) of this title” for “section 1437f(o) of this title”. Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 102–550, § 102(a), struck out “for not more than a 5-year period” after “monthly rent”. Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 102–550, § 102(b), struck out first sentence which read as follows: “The 5-year limitation established in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any family residing in a public housing project administered by an Indian public housing agency.” and substituted “without time limitation” for “for the 5-year period beginning on December 15, 1989”. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 102–550, § 621, amended par. (3) generally, substituting present provisions for provisions relating to families consisting of single persons, elderly families, handicapped persons, displaced persons, and families with household heads 50 years old or older and the priorities for admission of such families and persons to housing under this chapter. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 102–550, § 103(a)(1), inserted “and any amounts which would be eligible for exclusion under section 1382b(a)(7) of this title” after “family”. Subsec. (b)(5)(B). Pub. L. 102–550, § 625(a)(1), inserted “or disabled” after “elderly”. Subsec. (b)(5)(D). Pub. L. 102–550, § 103(a)(2)(A), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “(i) child care expenses to the extent necessary to enable another member of the family to be employed or to further his or her education; or (ii) excessive travel expenses, not to exceed $25 per family per week, for employment or education related travel, except that this clause shall apply only to families assisted by Indian housing authorities;”. Subsec. (b)(5)(G). Pub. L. 102–550, § 103(a)(2)(B)–(D), added subpar. (G). Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 102–550, § 622(c), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by inserting pars. (4) and (5) after “project.”, was executed by making the insertion after “project.” at the end of par. (3), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1990—Pub. L. 101–625, § 515(b), added concluding undesignated par. directing that earnings and benefits to public housing residents resulting from participation in programs providing employment training and supportive services not be considered as income. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–625, § 572(1), substituted “low-income families” for “lower income families” in introductory provisions. Subsecs. (a)(2)(A), (b)(1). Pub. L. 101–625, § 572(2), substituted “low-income housing” for “lower income housing” wherever appearing. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 101–625, § 573(d), inserted sentences at end relating to determination or establishment of median incomes and income ceilings and limits for Westchester County and for metropolitan statistical areas outside Westchester County. Pub. L. 101–625, § 572(1), substituted “low-income families” for “lower income families” wherever appearing. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 101–625, § 574, inserted sentence at end relating to effect of temporary absence of child from the home due to placement in foster care on considerations of family composition and size. Pub. L. 101–625, § 573(a), substituted “(D) and any other single persons. In no event may any single person under clause (D) be provided a housing unit assisted under this chapter of 2 bedrooms or more.” for “(D) other single persons in circumstances described in

of 1970”. Pub. L. 100–242, § 111, inserted provisions relating to determination of priority admission to public housing projects designed for elderly families. Subsec. (b)(5)(D). Pub. L. 100–358, § 4(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cl. (ii). Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 100–358, § 4(b), inserted at end “The term includes any Indian housing authority.” Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 100–358, § 4(c), struck out “, bands, groups, and Nations, including Alaska Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos, of the United States” after “and Indian tribes”. Subsec. (b)(9) to (12). Pub. L. 100–358, § 4(d)–(g), added pars. (9) to (12). 1984—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–479, § 102(b)(1), inserted provision at end that such ceilings shall be established in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture for any rural area, as defined in section 1490 of this title, taking into account the subsidy characteristics and types of programs to which such ceilings apply. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 98–479, § 102(b)(2), inserted “, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture” at end. Subsec. (b)(5)(C). Pub. L. 98–479, § 102(b)(3), designated existing provision as cl. (i), added cl. (ii), and inserted “the amount by which the aggregate of the following expenses of the family” in provisions preceding cl. (i). 1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–181, § 206(a), in provisions preceding par. (1), inserted provision requiring annual review of family income, and inserted “(other than a family assisted under section 1437f(o) of this title)”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–181, § 206(b), qualified the term “very low-income families” in authorizing the Secretary to establish, where necessary, variations in income ceilings higher or lower than 50 per centum of the median for the area. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 98–181, § 202, inserted provision at end of par. (3) authorizing increase from 15 to 30 per centum in the single person occupancy limitation for nonoccupancy of the involved dwelling units. Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98–181, § 206(c), amended par. (5) generally, substituting provisions designating cls. (A) to (D) for prior exclusion from “adjusted income” of such amounts or types of income as the Secretary might prescribe, taking into account the number of minor children and other appropriate factors. 1981—Pub. L. 97–35 added subsecs. (a) and (c) and designated provisions constituting former section as subsec. (b), and in subsec. (b) as so designated, substituted provisions defining “lower income housing”, “lower income families”, “families”, “income”, “adjusted income”, “public housing agency”, “State”, and “Secretary” for provisions defining “low-income housing”, “low-income families”, “development”, “operation”, “acquisition cost”, “public housing agency”, “State”, “Secretary”, and “low-income housing project”. 1979—Par. (1). Pub. L. 96–153 substituted provisions that the rental for a dwelling shall not exceed certain portion of the resident family’s income to be established by the Secretary, and that in the case of a very low income family 25 per centum and in other cases 30 per centum of family income for provisions that such rental shall not exceed one-fourth of the family’s income as defined by the Secretary. 1978—Par. (2)(D). Pub. L. 95–557 substituted “15 per cent” for “10 per cent”. 1976—Par. (2). Pub. L. 94–375 struck out “and” before cl. (C), added cl. (D), and two provisos relating to the percentage of units to be occupied by single persons and the priority to be given to single persons who are elderly, handicapped, or displaced, following cl. (D).

of 2022 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 117–328 effective 2 years after Dec. 29, 2022, see section 601(h) of div. AA of Pub. L. 117–328, set out as a note under section 1701q of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

of 2020 AmendmentAmendment by section 101(b)(1) of div. Q of Pub. L. 116–260 effective 2 years after Dec. 27, 2020, see section 101(h) of div. Q of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 1701q of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title I, § 103(d), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2170, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section and section 1437f of this title] shall not apply to housing choice voucher assistance made available pursuant to section 8(x) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(x)) that is in use on behalf of an assisted family as of the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020].”

of 2016 Amendment Pub. L. 114–201, title I, § 102(h), July 29, 2016, 130 Stat. 791, provided that: “The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall issue notice or

to implement this section [amending this section and section 1437f of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note below] and this section shall take effect after such issuance, except that this section may only take effect upon the commencement of a calendar year.” [Amendment by section 102 effective Jan. 1, 2024, based on notice issued Feb. 14, 2023, see 88 F.R. 9600, as corrected Feb. 28, 2023, 88 F.R. 12559.]

of 1998 AmendmentAmendment by title V of Pub. L. 105–276 effective and applicable beginning upon Oct. 1, 1999, except as otherwise provided, with provision that Secretary may implement amendment before such date, except to extent that such amendment provides otherwise, and with

, see section 503 of Pub. L. 105–276, set out as a note under section 1437 of this title. Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 507(d), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2526, provided that: “The

under this section [amending this section] are made on, and shall apply beginning upon, the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998].” Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 508(c)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2529, provided that: “The

made by this paragraph [probably means this subsection, amending this section] are made on, and shall apply beginning upon, the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998].” Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 524(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2568, provided that: “The amendment made by this paragraph [probably means this section, amending this section] is made on, and shall apply beginning upon, the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998].” Effective and Termination Dates of 1996

Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 514(f), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2548, provided that: “section 402 of The Balanced Budget Downpayment Act, I [Pub. L. 104–99, see note below], and the

made by such section shall cease to be effective on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998]. Notwithstanding the inclusion in this Act [see Tables for classification] of any provision extending the effectiveness of such section or such

, such provision included in this Act shall not take effect.” Amendment by Pub. L. 104–330 effective Oct. 1, 1997, except as otherwise expressly provided, see section 107 of Pub. L. 104–330, set out as an

note under section 4101 of Title 25, Indians. Pub. L. 104–99, title IV, § 402(f), Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 43, as amended by Pub. L. 104–204, title II, § 201(c)(2), Sept. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 2893; Pub. L. 105–65, title II, § 201(d)(2), Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1364, provided that: “This section [amending this section, sections 1437d to 1437f, 1437n, 1437v, and 13615 of this title, and section 1701s of Title 12, Banks and Banking, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1437 and 1437d of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1437f of this title] shall be effective upon the enactment of this Act [Jan. 26, 1996] and only for fiscal years 1996, 1997, and 1998.”

of 1992 Amendment Pub. L. 102–550, title I, § 103(a)(3), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3684, provided that: “To the extent that the

made by paragraphs (1) and (2) [amending this section] result in additional costs under this title [see Tables for classification], such

shall be effective only to the extent that amounts to cover such additional costs are provided in advance in appropriation Acts.” Amendment by subtitles B through F of title VI [§§ 621–685] of Pub. L. 102–550 applicable upon expiration of 6-month period beginning Oct. 28, 1992, except as otherwise provided, see section 13642 of this title.

of 1990 Amendment Pub. L. 101–625, title V, § 573(f), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4237, provided that: “The Secretary shall issue

implementing subsections (a) and (d) [sic] the

made by this section [amending this section] not later than the expiration of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 28, 1990]. The

may not take effect until after September 30, 1991.”

of 1988 Amendment Pub. L. 100–358, § 6, June 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 681, provided that: “The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development may carry out programs to provide lower income housing on Indian reservations and other Indian areas only in accordance with the

made by this Act [enacting sections 1437aa to 1437ee of this title, amending this section and section 1437c of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1437 of this title], commencing on whichever of the following occurs earlier: “(1)

of

.—The

of

issued under section 205 of the United States Housing Act of 1937 [former section 1437ee of this title]. “(2) 90 days.—The expiration of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [June 29, 1988].”

of 1981 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, see section 371 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an

note under section 3701 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

of 1979 Amendment Pub. L. 96–153, title II, § 202(c), Dec. 21, 1979, 93 Stat. 1106, which provided that amendment by section 202(a) of Pub. L. 96–153 (amending this section and section 1437f of this title) shall become effective on Jan. 1, 1980, except that the amount of the tenant contribution required of families whose occupancy of housing units assisted under this chapter commenced prior to that date shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this chapter in effect on Dec. 31, 1979, so long as such occupancy was continuous thereafter, was repealed by Pub. L. 97–35, title III, § 322(h)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 404.

of 1978 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–557 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 206(h) of Pub. L. 95–557, set out as a note under section 1437c of this title.

Section effective on such date or dates as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall prescribe, but not later than eighteen months after Aug. 22, 1974, except that all of the provisions of par. (1) shall become effective on the same date, see section 201(b) of Pub. L. 93–383, set out as a note under section 1437 of this title. The Department of Housing and Urban Development adopted an interim rule, 24 C.F.R. 860.409, Sept. 26, 1975, 40 F.R. 44326, which provided: “The

of section 3(1) of the United States Housing Act of 1937, as amended [par. (1) of this section], shall be the date that these

[section 860.401 to 860.409 of Title 24, C.F.R.] are published in the Federal Register (September 26, 1975).”

Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title II, § 240, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 789, provided that: “The Secretary shall establish by notice such requirements as may be necessary to implement section 78001 of title LXXVIII of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (Public Law 114–94) [amending this section and section 1437f of this title], and the notice shall take effect upon issuance: Provided, That the Secretary shall commence rulemaking based on the initial notice no later than the expiration of the 6-month period following issuance of the notice and the rulemaking shall allow for the opportunity for public comment.” Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title II, § 243, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 637, provided that: “The Secretary shall establish by notice such requirements as may be necessary to implement section 210, 212, 220, 238, and 242 [amending this section and section 1437f and 1437n of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1437f of this title] under this title and the notice shall take effect upon issuance: Provided, That the Secretary shall commence rulemaking based on the initial notice no later than the expiration of the 6-month period following issuance of the notice and the rulemaking shall allow for the opportunity for public comment.” Pub. L. 104–99, title IV, § 402(b)(2), Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 41, provided that: “(A) In general.—The Secretary shall, by regulation, after notice and an opportunity for public comment, establish such requirements as may be necessary to carry out section 3(a)(2)(A) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 [42 U.S.C. 1437a(a)(2)(A)], as amended by paragraph (1). “(B) Transition rule.—Prior to the issuance of final

under paragraph (1), a public housing agency may implement ceiling rents, which shall be not less than the monthly costs to operate the housing of the agency and—“(i) determined in accordance with section 3(a)(2)(A) of the United States Housing Act of 1937, as that section existed on the day before enactment of this Act [Jan. 26, 1996]; “(ii) equal to the 95th percentile of the rent paid for a unit of comparable size by tenants in the same public housing project or a group of comparable projects totaling 50 units or more; or “(iii) equal to the fair market rent for the area in which the unit is located.” [section 402(b)(2) of Pub. L. 104–99, set out above, effective Jan. 26, 1996, and only for fiscal years 1996, 1997, and 1998, and to cease to be effective Oct. 21, 1998, see Effective and Termination Dates of 1996

notes above.] Pub. L. 102–550, title I, § 191, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3750, provided that: “The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall issue any final

necessary to implement the provisions of this title [see Tables for classification] and the

made by this title not later than the expiration of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 1992], except as expressly provided otherwise in this title and the

made by this title. Such

shall be issued after notice and opportunity for public comment pursuant to the provisions of section 553 of title 5, United States Code (notwithstanding subsections (a)(2), (b)(B), and (d)(3) of such section).”

Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 508(b)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2528, provided that: “Notwithstanding the amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section], the provisions of the undesignated paragraph at the end of section 3(c)(3) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 [see 1998 and 1992 Amendment notes above], as such section was in effect immediately before the enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998], shall continue to apply until the

under section 503 of this Act [set out as a note under section 1437 of this title]. Notwithstanding the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section], nor the applicability under section 402(f) of The Balanced Budget Downpayment Act, I [Pub. L. 104–99] (42 U.S.C. 1437a note) of the

made by such section 402 [see Effective and Termination Dates of 1996

note set out above], nor any repeal of such section 402(f), the provisions of section 3(b)(5)(G) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(5)(G)), as such section was in effect immediately before the date of the enactment of this Act, shall continue to apply until the

under section 503 of this Act.”

of 2022 AmendmentNothing in amendment made by Pub. L. 117–328 to be construed to preempt or limit applicability of certain State or local laws relating to smoke alarms, see section 601(i) of div. AA of Pub. L. 117–328, set out as a note under section 1701q of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

of 2020 Amendment Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title I, § 101(j), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2165, provided that: “Nothing in the

made by this section [amending this section, section 1437f, 1484, 1485, 8013, and 12905 of this title, and section 1701q of Title 12, Banks and Banking] shall be construed to preempt or limit the applicability of any State or local law relating to the installation and maintenance of carbon monoxide alarms or detectors in housing that requires standards that are more stringent than the standards described in the

to Indian Public Housing Pub. L. 102–550, title VI, § 626, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3820, provided that: “The

made by this subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 621–626) of title VI of Pub. L. 102–550, amending this section and sections 1437c to 1437f, 1437l, 1437o, 1438, and 8013 of this title] shall not apply with respect to lower income housing developed or operated pursuant to a contract between the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and an Indian housing authority.” Budget Compliance Pub. L. 101–625, title V, § 573(e), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4237, provided that: “The

made by subsections (b) and (c) [amending this section] shall apply only to the extent approved in appropriations Acts.” Median Area Income Pub. L. 100–242, title V, § 567, Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1948, provided that: “For purposes of calculating the median income for any area that is not within a metropolitan statistical area (as established by the Office of Management and Budget) for programs under title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 [42 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.], the United States Housing Act of 1937 [42 U.S.C. 1437 et seq.], the National Housing Act [12 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.], or title V of the Housing Act of 1949 [42 U.S.C. 1471 et seq.], the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development or the Secretary of Agriculture (as appropriate) shall use whichever of the following is higher: “(1) the median income of the county in which the area is located; or “(2) the median income of the entire nonmetropolitan area of the State.” Determination of Rent Payable by Tenants Occupying Assisted Housing; Delayed Application or Staged Implementation of Amended Provisions Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title II, § 206(d)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1180, provided that: “(1) The following provisions of this paragraph apply to determinations of the rent to be paid by or the contribution required of a tenant occupying housing assisted under the authorities amended by this section [amending this section] or subsections (a) through (h) of section 322 of the Housing and Community Development

of 1981 [amending sections 1437 to 1437d, 1437f, 1437g, 1437i, 1437j, and 1437l of this title and section 1701s and 1715z–1 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1701s of Title 12] (hereinafter referred to as ‘assisted housing’) on or before the

of

implementing this section:“(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section or subsections (a) through (h) of section 322 of the Housing and Community Development

of 1981, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (hereinafter referred to as the ’Secretary’) may provide for delayed applicability, or for staged implementation, of the procedures for determining rents or contributions, as appropriate, required by such provisions if the Secretary determines that immediate application of such procedures would be impracticable, would violate the terms of existing leases, or would result in extraordinary hardship for any class of tenants. “(B) The Secretary shall provide that the rent or contribution, as appropriate, required to be paid by a tenant shall not increase as a result of the

made by this section and subsections (a) through (h) of section 322 of the Housing and Community Development

of 1981, and as a result of any other provision of Federal law or regulation, by more than 10 per centum during any twelve-month period, unless the increase above 10 per centum is attributable to increases in income which are unrelated to such

, law, or regulation. “(2) Tenants of assisted housing other than those referred to in paragraph (1) shall be subject to immediate rent payment or contribution determinations in accordance with applicable law and without regard to the provisions of paragraph (1), but the Secretary shall provide that the rent or contribution payable by any such tenant who is occupying assisted housing on the

of any provision of Federal law or regulation shall not increase, as a result of any such provision of Federal law or regulation, by more than 10 per centum during any twelve-month period, unless the increase above 10 per centum is attributable to increases in income which are unrelated to such law or regulation. “(3) In the case of tenants receiving rental assistance under section 521(a)(1) of the Housing Act of 1949 [section 1490a(a)(1) of this title] on the

of this section [Nov. 30, 1983] whose assistance is converted to assistance under section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937 [section 1437f of this title] on or after such date, the Secretary shall provide that the rent or contribution payable by any such tenant shall not increase, as a result of such conversion, by more than 10 per centum during any twelve-month period, unless the increase above 10 per centum is attributable to increases in income which are unrelated to such conversion or to any provision of Federal law or regulation. “(4)(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in the case of the conversion of any assistance under section 101 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 [12 U.S.C. 1701s], section 236(f)(2) of the National Housing Act [12 U.S.C. 1715z–1(f)(2)], or section 23 of the United States Housing Act of 1937 [section 1421b of this title] (as in effect before the date of the enactment of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 [Aug. 22, 1974]) to assistance under section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937, any increase in rent payments or contributions resulting from such conversion, and from the

made by this section of any tenant benefiting from such assistance who is sixty-two years of age or older may not exceed 10 per centum per annum. “(B) In the case of any such conversion of assistance occurring on or after October 1, 1981, and before the date of the enactment of this section [Nov. 30, 1983], the rental payments due after such date of enactment by any tenant benefiting from such assistance who was sixty-two years of age or older on the date of such conversion shall be computed as if the tenant’s rental payment or contribution had, on the date of conversion, been the lesser of the actual rental payment or contribution required, or 25 per centum of the tenant’s income. “(5) The limitations on increases in rent contained in paragraphs (1)(B), (2), (3), and (4) shall remain in effect and may not be changed or superseded except by another provision of law which amends this subsection. “(6) As used in this subsection, the term ‘contribution’ means an amount representing 30 per centum of a tenant’s monthly adjusted income, 10 per centum of the tenant’s monthly income, or the designated amount of welfare assistance, whichever amount is used to determine the monthly assistance payment for the tenant under section 3(a) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 [subsec. (a) of this section]. “(7) The provisions of subsections (a) through (h) of section 322 of the Housing and Community Development

of 1981 shall be implemented and fully applicable to all affected tenants no later than five years following the date of enactment of such

[Aug. 13, 1981], except that the Secretary may extend the time for implementation if the Secretary determines that full implementation would result in extraordinary hardship for any class of tenants.”

for determining rent payable by tenants occupying assisted housing under and authorizing delayed application or staged implementation of provisions amended by section 322 of Pub. L. 97–35 were contained in Pub. L. 97–35, title III, § 322(i), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 404, which was repealed by Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title II, § 206(e)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1181. Establishment of Increased Monthly Rental Charge for Family Occupying Low-Income Housing Unit; Adjustment Factors Pub. L. 93–383, title II, § 202, Aug. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 667, provided that: “To the extent that section 3(1) of the United States Housing Act of 1937, as amended by section 201(a) of this Act [par. (1) of this section], would require the establishment of an increased monthly rental charge for any family which occupies a low-income housing unit as of the

of such section 3(1) (other than by reason of the provisions relating to welfare assistance payments) [see

note set out above], the required adjustment shall be made, in accordance with

of the Secretary, as follows: (A) the first adjustment shall not exceed $5 and shall become effective as of the month following the month of the first review of the family’s income pursuant to section 6(c)(2) of such Act [section 1437d(c)(2) of this title] which occurs at least six months after the

of such section 3(1), and (B) subsequent adjustments, each of which shall not exceed $5, shall be made at six-month intervals over whatever period is necessary to effect the full required increase in the family’s rental charge.”

Termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.