§6442 — Title 22 Foreign Relations and Intercourse | U.S. Code

Summary

The United States must oppose very serious violations of religious freedom by foreign governments, and the President must act to stop or respond to those abuses. Within 90 days after the annual human-rights report is sent to the President, the President must review each country’s record over the past 12 months (or longer) and label any country that engaged in or allowed especially severe violations as a "country of particular concern." Countries that had severe problems but do not meet all the criteria may be placed on a "Special Watch List." The review uses the latest country reports, the annual report, and any other available evidence, and may include findings from the Commission. For each country of particular concern, the President must try to identify the government agencies and officials responsible and must, within 90 days after making the designation, tell Congress in writing the signed designation, any responsible parties found, and what actions were taken, why, and how well they worked. A country stays designated until the President reports it should no longer be. After required steps are completed, the President must take one or more specified actions to respond, or can make a binding agreement with the foreign government instead. If needed, the President may delay action once by up to 90 days to continue negotiations, multilateral talks, or to review or await corrective steps by the foreign country (in which case the deadline may extend to 180 days). The President does not have to take new action if appropriate measures already taken in a prior year are still in effect and reported to Congress. If a country already faces broad sanctions for human rights abuses, the President may say those sanctions meet the law’s response requirement, and must report which sanctions and their effects. A finding that a country committed severe religious-freedom violations does not automatically require stopping U.S. aid or other programs with that country.

Title 22, §6442

Foreign Relations and Intercourse — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)(1)It shall be the policy of the United States—

(A)to oppose particularly severe violations of religious freedom that are or have been engaged in or tolerated by the governments of foreign countries; and

(B)to promote the right to freedom of religion in those countries through the actions described in subsection (c).

(2)Whenever the President determines that the government of a foreign country has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom, the President shall oppose such violations and promote the right to religious freedom through one or more of the actions described in subsection (c).

(b)(1)(A)Not later than 90 days after the date on which each Annual Report is submitted under section 6412(b) of this title, the President shall—

(i)review the status of religious freedom in each foreign country to determine whether the government of that country has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom in each such country during the preceding 12 months or longer;

(ii)designate each country the government of which has engaged in or tolerated violations described in clause (i) as a country of particular concern for religious freedom; and

(iii)designate each country that engaged in or tolerated severe violations of religious freedom during the previous year, but does not meet, in the opinion of the President at the time of publication of the Annual Report, all of the criteria described in section 6402(15) of this title for designation under clause (ii) as being placed on a “Special Watch List”.

(B)Each review conducted under subparagraph (A) shall be based upon information contained in the latest Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, the Annual Report, and on any other evidence available and shall take into account any findings or recommendations by the Commission with respect to the foreign country.

(C)Any review under subparagraph (A) of a foreign country may take place singly or jointly with the review of one or more countries and may take place at any time before the date on which each Annual Report is submitted under section 6412(b) of this title.

(2)For the government of each country designated as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A), the President shall seek to determine the agency or instrumentality thereof and the specific officials thereof that are responsible for the particularly severe violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by that government in order to appropriately target Presidential actions under this section in response.

(3)(A)Whenever the President designates a country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A)(ii), the President, not later than 90 days after such designation, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees—

(i)the designation of the country, signed by the President;

(ii)the identification, if any, of responsible parties determined under paragraph (2); and

(iii)a description of the actions taken under subsection (c), the purposes of the actions taken, and the effectiveness of the actions taken.

(B)A country that is designated as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A)(ii) shall retain such designation until the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that the country should no longer be so designated.

(4)The presence or absence of a country from the Special Watch List in any given year shall not preclude the designation of such country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A)(ii) in any such year.

(c)(1)Subject to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) with respect to each country of particular concern for religious freedom designated under subsection (b)(1)(A), the President shall, after the requirements of section 6443 and 6444 of this title have been satisfied, but not later than 90 days (or 180 days in case of a delay under paragraph (3)) after the date of designation of the country under that subsection, carry out one or more of the following actions under subparagraph (A) or subparagraph (B):

(A)One or more of the Presidential actions described in paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 6445(a) of this title, as determined by the President.

(B)Commensurate action in substitution to any action described in subparagraph (A).

(2)(A)In lieu of carrying out action under paragraph (1), the President may conclude a binding agreement with the respective foreign government as described in section 6445(c) of this title. The existence of a binding agreement under this paragraph with a foreign government may be considered by the President prior to making any determination or taking any action under this subchapter.

(B)Nothing in this paragraph may be construed to authorize the entry of the United States into an agreement covering matters outside the scope of violations of religious freedom.

(3)If, on or before the date that the President is required (but for this paragraph) to take action under paragraph (1), the President determines and certifies to Congress that a single, additional period of time not to exceed 90 days is necessary—

(A)for a continuation of negotiations that have been commenced with the government of that country to bring about a cessation of the violations by the foreign country;

(B)for a continuation of multilateral negotiations into which the United States has entered to bring about a cessation of the violations by the foreign country;

(C)(i)for a review of corrective action taken by the foreign country after designation of such country as a country of particular concern; or

(ii)in anticipation that corrective action will be taken by the foreign country during the 90-day period,

(4)The President shall not be required to take action pursuant to this subsection in the case of a country of particular concern for religious freedom, if with respect to such country—

(A)the President has taken action pursuant to this chapter in a preceding year;

(B)such action is in effect at the time the country is designated as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under this section; and

(C)the President reports to Congress the information described in section 6444(a)(1), (2), (3), and (4) of this title regarding the actions in effect with respect to the country.

(5)At the time the President determines a country to be a country of particular concern, if that country is already subject to multiple, broad-based sanctions imposed in significant part in response to human rights abuses, and such sanctions are ongoing, the President may determine that one or more of these sanctions also satisfies the requirements of this subsection. In a report to Congress pursuant to section 6444(a)(1), (2), (3), and (4) of this title, and, as applicable, to section 6448 of this title, the President shall designate the specific sanction or sanctions that the President determines satisfy the requirements under this subsection and include a description of the impact of such sanction or sanctions on each country. The sanctions so designated shall remain in effect subject to section 6449 of this title.

(d)A determination under this chapter, or any amendment made by this chapter, that a foreign country has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom shall not be construed to require the termination of assistance or other activities with respect to that country under any other provision of law, including section 2151n or 2304 of this title.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), was in the original “this title”, meaning title IV of Pub. L. 105–292, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2800, which is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of title IV to the Code, see Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (c)(4) and (d), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 105–292, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2787, known as the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 6401 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2016—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–281, § 302(1)(A)(i), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Not later than September 1 of each year, the President shall review the status of religious freedom in each foreign country to determine whether the government of that country has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom in that country during the preceding 12 months or since the date of the last review of that country under this subparagraph, whichever period is longer. The President shall designate each country the government of which has engaged in or tolerated violations described in this subparagraph as a country of particular concern for religious freedom.” Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 114–281, § 302(1)(A)(ii), substituted “before the date on which each Annual Report is submitted under section 6412(b) of this title” for “prior to September 1 of the respective year”. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 114–281, § 302(1)(B), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Whenever the President designates a country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A), the President shall, as soon as practicable after the designation is made, transmit to the appropriate congressional committees— “(A) the designation of the country, signed by the President; and “(B) the identification, if any, of responsible parties determined under paragraph (2).” Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 114–281, § 302(1)(C), added par. (4). Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 114–281, § 302(2), substituted “the President shall designate the specific sanction or sanctions that the President determines satisfy the requirements under this subsection and include a description of the impact of such sanction or sanctions on each country.” for “the President must designate the specific sanction or sanctions which he determines satisfy the requirements of this subsection.” 1999—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–55, § 2(a)(1), substituted “(4), and (5)” for “and (4)” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 106–55, § 2(a)(2)(A), inserted “under this chapter” after “Exception for ongoing Presidential action” in heading. Subsec. (c)(4)(B) to (D), (5). Pub. L. 106–55, § 2(a)(2)(B)–(D), inserted “and” at end of subpar. (B), substituted period for “; and” at end of subpar. (C), redesignated subpar. (D) as par. (5), inserted par. heading, and substituted “At the time” for “at the time”.

§6442 Presidential Actions in Response to Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom