Country exposure · CZ
Czech Republic
Europe · Prague · parliamentary republic
What Czech Republic means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.
$8.2B
U.S. imports, 2025
+1.3%
change in one year
$4.4B
U.S. exports, 2025
11M
Population
$345.0B
GDP
In your house
What you buy that Czech Republic makes
America bought $8.2B in goods from Czech Republic in 2025. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.
Telecommunications equipment
phones, routers, networking gear
$706M8.6%
Electric apparatus
$621M7.6%
Other parts and accessories of vehicles
car parts and accessories
$556M6.8%
Computers
laptops, desktops, monitors
$426M5.2%
Industrial machines, other
$407M5%
Excavating machinery
$299M3.7%
U.s. goods returned, and reimports
$285M3.5%
Pharmaceutical preparations
medicines and pharmacy items
$272M3.3%
Engines and engine parts
$271M3.3%
Medicinal equipment
medical devices and equipment
$270M3.3%
2026 so far (through April): $2.9B in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).
The other direction
What America sells to Czech Republic
$4.4B in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.
Civilian aircraft, engines, equipment, and parts
$507MComputer accessories
$483Mkeyboards, drives, computer parts
Semiconductors
$375Msemiconductors and chips
Industrial engines
$362MElectric apparatus
$321MMinimum value shipments
$215MTelecommunications equipment
$210Mphones, routers, networking gear
Pharmaceutical preparations
$148Mmedicines and pharmacy items
Industrial machines, other
$145MWhere you stand
U.S. tariff posture toward Czech Republic
Since February 24, 2026 most EU goods face the universal 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge, which replaced the framework's 15% all-inclusive IEEPA structure when EO 14389 terminated the reciprocal tariffs. The framework's Section 232 terms persist: EU autos at 15%, and the April 2026 metals expansion expressly preserved the EU's trade-agreement-partner treatment (steel and aluminum otherwise at 50%).
The United States negotiates tariffs with the European Union as a single market — every measure here applies to Czech Republic as an EU member.
Reciprocal tariff (assigned — terminated)
20%
The rate this country was assigned under the EO 14257 reciprocal Annex — no longer in force. The Supreme Court struck down the IEEPA tariffs and they were terminated February 24, 2026 (EO 14389), replaced by a universal ~10% Section 122 surcharge. See the timeline below for the current effective rate.
Section 232 sectors
Autos, Wood
Steel, aluminum, autos, and similar national-security tariffs that name this country.
Policy in motion
Tariff status: a moving target
U.S. tariff policy toward the European Union — and with it Czech Republic — has changed 11 times since 2025. This page tracks it.
2026-04-06
EU treatment preserved in expanded metals tariffs
In effectThe April 2026 proclamation expanding Section 232 coverage of aluminum, steel, and copper derivatives expressly does not alter or supersede the prior U.S.–EU agreement implementation, and lists the EU among 'Trade Agreement Partners' eligible for its exclusion process.
91 FR 18201 →2026-02-24
IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122
In effectExecutive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties — including those under EO 14257, the basis of the EU's 15% all-inclusive structure — effective February 24, 2026. A flat 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge (Proclamation 11012 of February 20, 2026) replaced them. The framework's Section 232 terms (the 15% EU autos cap, metals carve-outs) rest on separate authority and were expressly unaffected.
91 FR 9437 →2025-09-25
Framework implemented: preferential treatment for certain EU goods
In effectActing under the September 8, 2025 procedures order, Commerce and USTR modified the HTSUS to implement the framework — preferential (zero) reciprocal treatment for certain EU goods and a reduction of the Section 232 automobile and parts duty to 15% for EU-origin vehicles.
90 FR 46136 →2025-08-21
U.S.–EU Framework Agreement joint statement
AgreementThe United States and the European Union issued the Joint Statement on a Framework on an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade: the U.S. committed to the 15% all-inclusive ceiling, zero reciprocal duty on certain products, and a cut of the Section 232 automobile duty to 15%; the EU committed to eliminate tariffs on U.S. industrial goods and expand agricultural access, plus $750B in U.S. energy procurement through 2028.
Source ↗2025-08-07
15% all-inclusive structure replaces the 20% rate
In effectThe July 31, 2025 order ('Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates') gave the EU a unique structure effective August 7, 2025: for goods with an MFN (Column 1) rate below 15%, the reciprocal duty tops the total up to exactly 15%; goods with an MFN rate of 15% or higher pay no additional reciprocal duty.
Federal Register · 2025-15010 →2025-07-09
Reciprocal-rate pause extended to August 1
In effectThe July 7, 2025 order extended the suspension of country-specific reciprocal rates through August 1, 2025, keeping the EU at the 10% baseline while framework talks continued.
90 FR 30823 →2025-06-04
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties doubled to 50%
In effectThe June 3, 2025 proclamation raised Section 232 duties on steel and aluminum articles and derivatives from 25% to 50% effective June 4, 2025, with no EU carve-out.
90 FR 24199 →2025-04-10
90-day pause suspends the 20% rate back to 10%
In effectThe April 9, 2025 modification order suspended country-specific reciprocal rates for 90 days for all partners except China, returning the EU to the 10% universal baseline effective April 10, 2025 while negotiations proceeded.
90 FR 15625 →2025-04-09
EU country-specific reciprocal rate of 20% takes effect
In effectAnnex I of Executive Order 14257 assigned the European Union a 20% country-specific reciprocal rate, effective April 9, 2025 — the rate still carried for the EU in the HTS Chapter 99 Subchapter III note.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →2025-04-05
Universal 10% reciprocal baseline takes effect
In effectExecutive Order 14257 (signed April 2, 2025) imposed a 10% ad valorem reciprocal duty on imports from all trading partners, including the EU, effective April 5, 2025. The order singled out the EU's 5% average MFN rate and 10% passenger-vehicle tariff as examples of non-reciprocal treatment.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →2025-03-12
Section 232 steel and aluminum arrangements terminated — 25% duties on EU metals
In effectProclamations of February 10, 2025 ended the EU's tariff-rate-quota arrangements for steel and aluminum and raised the aluminum duty from 10% to 25%, applying 25% Section 232 duties to EU steel and aluminum effective March 12, 2025.
90 FR 9817 →
Made for America
What Czech Republic makes for America
Czech Republic is a direct U.S. source of 12 essential goods Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.
digital
1% of U.S.Fiber optic cables and networking
$578M to the U.S.
materials
Auto parts and repairs
$502M to the U.S.
digital
Servers and cloud hardware
$419M to the U.S.
materials
1% of U.S.Tires
$274M to the U.S.
health
OTC medicines
$206M to the U.S.
materials
1% of U.S.Plumbing pipes and fittings
$151M to the U.S.
materials
Steel and iron products
$95M to the U.S.
digital
Memory and storage chips
$73M to the U.S.
home
4% of U.S.Baby and child care products
$66M to the U.S.
health
Surgical and sterile supplies
$64M to the U.S.
logistics
10% of U.S.Ammunition
$58M to the U.S.
materials
Lumber and wood products
$55M to the U.S.
Go deeper
The supply chain view
Czech Republic sits upstream of 24 essential American goods through 12 tracked inputs.
manufactured
22%Generator controller / ECM
manufactured
20%Collagen Casings (Beef Hide Collagen)
manufactured
16%Tantalum Capacitors
agricultural
14%Thebaine & oripavine (opium alkaloid precursors)
chemical
13%Liquid Nitrogen (industrial grade)
chemical
13%Nitrogen Gas (Pharmaceutical Grade)
Reference
The country itself
Europe · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.
At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia, a parliamentarian democracy. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence when the pro-Soviet Communist party staged a coup in February 1948. In 1968, an invasion by fellow Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country formally added the short-form name Czechia in 2016, while also continuing to use the full form name, the Czech Republic.
Geography
- Location
- Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria
- Area
- 78,867 sq km
- Climate
- temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
- Terrain
- Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country
- Natural resources
- hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, arable land
- Coastline
- 0 km (landlocked)
- Natural hazards
- flooding
People & society
- Population
- 10,838,703 (2025 est.)
- Nationality
- Czech(s)
- Ethnic groups
- Czech 57.3%, Moravian 3.4%, other 7.7%, unspecified 31.6% (2021 est.)
- Languages
- Czech (official) 88.4%, Slovak 1.5%, other 2.6%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)
- Religions
- Roman Catholic 7%, other believers belonging to a church or religious society 6% (includes Evangelical United Brethren Church and Czechoslovak Hussite Church), believers unaffiliated with a religious society 9.1%, none 47.8%, unspecified 30.1% (2021 est.)
- Median age
- 44.4 years (2025 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth
- 78.6 years (2024 est.)
Economy
- Economic overview
- high-income, diversified EU economy; manufacturing-oriented exporter led by automotive industry; moderate growth driven by household consumption and investments, despite negative contribution from net exports; tight labor market with low unemployment; gained energy independence from Russian oil in April 2025
- Industries
- motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments
- Agricultural products
- wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, maize, triticale, pork, chicken (2023)
- Exports - partners
- Germany 29%, Slovakia 7%, Poland 6%, France 5%, UK 5% (2023)
- Imports - partners
- Germany 22%, China 17%, Poland 8%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 4% (2023)
Government
- Government type
- parliamentary republic
- Capital
- Prague
- Independence
- 1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)
- Constitution
- previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
- Executive branch
- President Petr PAVEL (since 9 March 2023)
- Legislative branch
- Parliament (Parlament)
Full reference data
Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.
Introduction
Background
At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia, a parliamentarian democracy. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence when the pro-Soviet Communist party staged a coup in February 1948. In 1968, an invasion by fellow Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country formally added the short-form name Czechia in 2016, while also continuing to use the full form name, the Czech Republic.
Travel Facts
US State Dept Travel Advisory
For the latest travel advisories for this country, please consult the U.S. State Department's website, available through the link below. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements
For the latest passport and visa requirements for this country, please consult the U.S. State Department’s “Learn About Your Destination” search tool, available through the link below. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages.html
US Embassy/Consulate
[420] 257 022 000; US Embassy in Prague, Tržišt? 15, 118 01 Praha 1 – Malá Strana, Czech Republic; https://cz.usembassy.gov/; ACSPrg@state.gov
LGBTQIA+, Women, and Special Needs Travelers
Additional travel considerations can be found on the US State Department's International Travel page: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/before-you-go/travelers-with-special-considerations.html
Telephone Code
420
Local Emergency Phone
Emergency (urgent help from Police, Fire, or Emergency Medical Assistance): 112, 155; Fire: 150; Police: 158
Vaccinations
For the latest information on required or recommended vaccines, please visit the CDC's website, available through the link below. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list
Climate
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Currency (Code)
Koruny (CZK)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)
230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, E
Major Languages
Czech, Slovak
Time Difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March, ends last Sunday in October
Potable Water
Yes
International Driving Permit
Suggested
Road Driving Side
Right
Souvenirs
Crystal and glassware, garnet jewelry, local artwork; marionettes, puppets, and wooden toys; natural soaps, candles, and lotions; hand painted Easter eggs
Traditional Cuisine
Vepřo-knedlo-zelo — roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut
CIA source last updated
Tuesday, June 04, 2024
Travel resources
Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.
CDC - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.
US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.
To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)
How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444
Page last updated: Tuesday, June 04, 2024
Geography
Location
Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria
Geographic coordinates
49 45 N, 15 30 E
Map references
Europe
Area - total
78,867 sq km
Area - land
77,247 sq km
Area - water
1,620 sq km
Area - comparative
about two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries - total
2,046 km
Land boundaries - border countries
Austria 402 km; Germany 704 km; Poland 699 km; Slovakia 241 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Terrain
Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country
Elevation - highest point
Snezka 1,602 m
Elevation - lowest point
Labe (Elbe) River 115 m
Elevation - mean elevation
433 m
Natural resources
hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, arable land
Land use - agricultural land
45.8% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 32.7% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 12.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
38.2% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
16% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
220 sq km (2022)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Labe (Elbe) river source (shared with Germany [m]) - 1,252 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations
Natural hazards
flooding
Geography - note
note 1: landlocked; strategically located on some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe note 2: the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed freshwater cave at 519 m (1,703 ft); its survey is not complete, and it may be up to 800-1,200 m (2,625-3,937 ft) deep
People and Society
Population - total
10,838,703 (2025 est.)
Population - male
5,337,128
Population - female
5,501,575
Nationality - noun
Czech(s)
Nationality - adjective
Czech
Ethnic groups
Czech 57.3%, Moravian 3.4%, other 7.7%, unspecified 31.6% (2021 est.)
Ethnic groups - note
note: includes only persons with one ethnicity
Languages - Languages
Czech (official) 88.4%, Slovak 1.5%, other 2.6%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)
Languages - major-language sample(s)
World Factbook, nepostradatelný zdroj základních informací. (Czech) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Languages - note
note: includes only persons with one mother tongue
Religions
Roman Catholic 7%, other believers belonging to a church or religious society 6% (includes Evangelical United Brethren Church and Czechoslovak Hussite Church), believers unaffiliated with a religious society 9.1%, none 47.8%, unspecified 30.1% (2021 est.)
Age structure - 0-14 years
15.7% (male 871,303/female 826,896)
Age structure - 15-64 years
63.8% (male 3,542,298/female 3,373,127)
Age structure - 65 years and over
20.5% (2024 est.) (male 922,136/female 1,302,130)
Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio
56.5 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio
24.3 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio
32.2 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - potential support ratio
3.1 (2025 est.)
Median age - total
44.4 years (2025 est.)
Median age - male
42.7 years
Median age - female
45.7 years
Population growth rate
-0.02% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
9.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
11.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
2.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations
Urbanization - urban population
74.6% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.323 million PRAGUE (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio - at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 15-64 years
1.05 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 65 years and over
0.71 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - total population
0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
28.5 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate - total
2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate - male
2.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate - female
2.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population
78.6 years (2024 est.)
Life expectancy at birth - male
75.6 years
Life expectancy at birth - female
81.8 years
Total fertility rate
1.73 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.84 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: urban
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: rural
rural: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: total
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: urban
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: rural
rural: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: total
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
9.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.35 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density
6.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
26% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita - total
12.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - beer
6.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - wine
2.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits
3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use - total
26.8% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - male
30.8% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - female
23% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
53.7% (2021 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)
10% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total
17 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male
16 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female
18 years (2022 est.)
Government
Country name - conventional long form
Czech Republic
Country name - conventional short form
Czechia
Country name - local long form
Ceska republika
Country name - local short form
Cesko
Country name - etymology
name derives from the Czechs, a West Slavic tribe who rose to prominence in the late 9th century A.D.; the tribal name is said to come from an ancestral chief
Government type
parliamentary republic
Capital - name
Prague
Capital - geographic coordinates
50 05 N, 14 28 E
Capital - time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Capital - daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Capital - etymology
the name may derive from the old Slavic word "praga" or "prah," meaning "threshold;" it could also be related to the same Slavic root word as the modern Czech "pražiti," a term for woodland cleared by burning
Administrative divisions
13 regions ( kraje , singular - kraj ) and 1 capital city* ( hlavni mesto ); Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky (Karlovy Vary), Kralovehradecky (Hradec Kralove), Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky (Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsky (Zlin)
Legal system
new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory
Constitution - history
previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
Constitution - amendment process
passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship - citizenship by birth
no
Citizenship - citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Czechia
Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized
no
Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch - chief of state
President Petr PAVEL (since 9 March 2023)
Executive branch - head of government
Prime Minister Andrej BABIS (since 9 December 2025)
Executive branch - cabinet
Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Executive branch - election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term
Executive branch - most recent election date
13-14 January 2023, with a second round on 27-28 January 2023
Executive branch - election results
2023: Petr PAVEL elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Petr PAVEL (independent) 35.4%, Andrej BABIS (ANO) 35 % , Danuse NERUDOVA (Mayors and Independents) 13.9%, Pavel FISCHER (independent) 6.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Petr PAVEL 58.3%, Andrej BABIS 41.6% 2018: Milos ZEMAN reelected president in the second round; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 51.4%, Jiri DRAHOS (independent) 48.6%
Executive branch - expected date of next election
by January 2028
Legislative branch - legislature name
Parliament (Parlament)
Legislative branch - legislative structure
bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber - chamber name
Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecka Snemovna)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - number of seats
200 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - electoral system
proportional representation
Legislative branch - lower chamber - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - lower chamber - term in office
4 years
Legislative branch - lower chamber - most recent election date
10/3/2025 to 10/4/2025
Legislative branch - lower chamber - parties elected and seats per party
ANO (80); SPOLU (52); Mayors and independents (STAN) (22); Czech Pirate Party (18); Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) (15); Motoristé sobě (AUTO) (13)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - percentage of women in chamber
33.5%
Legislative branch - lower chamber - expected date of next election
October 2029
Legislative branch - upper chamber - chamber name
Senate (Senat)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - number of seats
81 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - electoral system
plurality/majority
Legislative branch - upper chamber - scope of elections
partial renewal
Legislative branch - upper chamber - term in office
6 years
Legislative branch - upper chamber - most recent election date
9/20/2024 to 9/28/2024
Legislative branch - upper chamber - parties elected and seats per party
Civic Democratic Party (ODS) (8); Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU - CSL) (7); TOP 09 (3); ANO 2011 (3); Independents (2); Other (4)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - percentage of women in chamber
21.3%
Legislative branch - upper chamber - expected date of next election
September 2026
Judicial branch - highest court(s)
Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 36 judges, including the court president and vice president, and organized into 6-, 7-, and 9-member chambers)
Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; unlimited terms
Judicial branch - subordinate courts
High Court; regional and district courts
Political parties
Action of Dissatisfied Citizens or ANO ( Akce nespokojených občanů) Christian and Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-ČSL Civic Democratic Party or ODS Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSČM Czech Pirate Party or Piráti ForMOST or ProMOST Freedom and Direct Democracy or SPD Independents or NEZ Mayors and Independents or STAN Mayors for the Liberec Region or SLK Přísaha Senator 21 or SEN 21 Social Democracy SOCDEM Svobodni Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09 Tábor 2020 or T2020 United Democrats - Association of Independents or SD-SN
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Miloslav STAŠEK (since 16 September 2022)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery
3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008-3803
Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone
[1] (202) 274-9100
Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX
[1] (202) 966-8540
Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Nicholas MERRICK (since 23 October 2025)
Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy
Trziste 15, 118 01 Praha 1 - Mala Strana
Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address
5630 Prague Place, Washington DC 20521-5630
Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone
[420] 257-022-000
Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX
[420] 257-022-809
Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website
International organization participation
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)
Independence - note
note: although 1 January is the day the Czech Republic came into being, the Czechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the former Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence day
National holiday
Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)
Flag
description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the left side
Flag - note
note: combines the white and red of Bohemia with blue from the arms of Moravia; identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia
National symbol(s)
silver (or white) double-tailed rampant lion
National color(s)
white, red, blue
National anthem(s) - title
"Kde domov muj?" (Where is My Home?)
National anthem(s) - lyrics/music
Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP
National anthem(s) - history
adopted 1993; the anthem was originally written as incidental music for the play "Fidlovacka" (1834), but it soon became popular as an unofficial anthem of the Czech nation; its first verse served as the official Czechoslovak anthem beginning in 1918, and the second verse (Slovak) was dropped after Czechoslovakia was dissolved in 1993
National heritage - total World Heritage Sites
17 (16 cultural, 1 natural)
National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales
Historic Prague (c); Historic Telč (c); Historic Český Krumlov (c); Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (c); Historic Kutná Hora (c); Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc (c); Karlovy Vary Spa (c); Zatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops; Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops (n)
Economy
Economic overview
high-income, diversified EU economy; manufacturing-oriented exporter led by automotive industry; moderate growth driven by household consumption and investments, despite negative contribution from net exports; tight labor market with low unemployment; gained energy independence from Russian oil in April 2025
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$521.928 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$516.145 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$516.431 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024
1.1% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022
2.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024
$48,000 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023
$47,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022
$48,400 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$345.037 billion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) - note
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.4% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
10.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
15.1% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture
1.5% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry
30.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services
59.5% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption
44% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption
19.7% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital
27.3% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories
0.7% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services
69% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services
-64% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, maize, triticale, pork, chicken (2023)
Agricultural products - note
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments
Industrial production growth rate
-1% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate - note
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
5.541 million (2024 est.)
Labor force - note
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024
2.6% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023
2.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022
2.3% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate - note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total
8.4% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male
8.2% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female
8.6% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
10.2% (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line - note
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
25.9 (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures - on food
15.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco
7.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%
3.8% (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%
21.8% (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - note
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances - Remittances 2024
1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2023
1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2022
1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances - note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget - revenues
$94.01 billion (2022 est.)
Budget - expenditures
$106.07 billion (2022 est.)
Budget - note
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt - Public debt 2016
36.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
12.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Taxes and other revenues - note
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance - Current account balance 2024
$6.047 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2023
-$432.727 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2022
-$13.644 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance - note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports - Exports 2024
$239.259 billion (2024 est.)
Exports - Exports 2023
$236.103 billion (2023 est.)
Exports - Exports 2022
$219.419 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 29%, Slovakia 7%, Poland 6%, France 5%, UK 5% (2023)
Exports - partners - note
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, computers, plastic products (2023)
Exports - commodities - note
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - Imports 2024
$216.741 billion (2024 est.)
Imports - Imports 2023
$219.09 billion (2023 est.)
Imports - Imports 2022
$216.042 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Germany 22%, China 17%, Poland 8%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 4% (2023)
Imports - partners - note
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
broadcasting equipment, vehicle parts/accessories, cars, plastic products, computers (2023)
Imports - commodities - note
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$146.281 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$148.379 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$139.981 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates - Currency
koruny (CZK) per US dollar -
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024
23.217 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023
22.198 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022
23.357 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021
21.678 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020
23.21 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access - electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity
21.802 million kW (2023 est.)
Electricity - consumption
63.628 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - exports
22.648 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - imports
13.465 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - transmission/distribution losses
3.012 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels
45.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - nuclear
40.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - solar
4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - wind
0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity
2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - biomass and waste
7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy - Number of operational nuclear reactors
6 (2025)
Nuclear energy - Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
3.96GW (2025 est.)
Nuclear energy - Percent of total electricity production
40% (2023 est.)
Coal - production
31.946 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - consumption
33.239 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - exports
2.128 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - imports
4.09 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - proven reserves
3.595 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum - total petroleum production
4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption
219,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Petroleum - crude oil estimated reserves
15 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas - production
163.333 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - consumption
6.499 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - imports
6.812 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - proven reserves
3.964 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023
136.306 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions
1.16 million (2024 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
11 (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions
13.6 million (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
127 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
22 national TV stations, with 17 privately owned; publicly operated Czech Television has 5 national channels; over 350 TV channels, many through cable, satellite, and IPTV subscription services; 63 radio broadcasters operate over 80 radio stations, including 7 multiregional radio stations or networks; publicly owned broadcaster Czech Radio operates 4 national, 14 regional, and 4 Internet stations; both Czech Radio and Czech Television are partly financed through a license fee (2019)
Internet country code
.cz
Internet users - percent of population
86% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total
4.1 million (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
38 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OK
Airports
252 (2025)
Heliports
107 (2025)
Railways - total
9,548 km (2020) 3,242 km electrified
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Czech Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces (2025)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024
2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023
1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022
1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021
1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 28,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Czech military has a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more recently acquired modern weapons and equipment from such suppliers as France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the US; its domestic defense industry produces such items as armored combat vehicles and light attack aircraft (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions - note
note 1: in 2019, Czechia announced a modernization plan to acquire more Western equipment that was compliant with NATO standards, including armored vehicles, fighter aircraft, and helicopters note 2: during the Cold War, Czechoslovakia was a major producer of armored personnel carriers, military trucks, tanks, and trainer aircraft
Military service age and obligation
18-28 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished 2004 (2025)
Military service age and obligation - note
note: as of 2023, women comprised nearly 14% of the military's full-time personnel
Military deployments
up to 130 Lithuania (NATO); 130 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)
Military - note
the Czech military is responsible for national and territorial defense, assisting civil authorities during natural disasters or other emergencies, boosting border security alongside the police, participating in international peacekeeping operations, and supporting its collective security commitments to the EU and NATO, both of which Czechia considers pillars of its national security strategy; Czechia is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, contributes to UN peacekeeping operations, and actively participates in EU military and security missions under the EU Common Security and Defense Policy; the Czech military has been an active member of NATO since the country joined in 2009 and participates in a variety of NATO’s collective defense missions, including contributing to the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, Baltic Air Policing operations, rapid response forces, and operations in Kosovo; it also exercises regularly with NATO partners and maintains close bilateral ties to a number of militaries particularly partner members of the Visegrad Group (Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) and Germany the military has commands for its land, air, cyber/information operations, and territorial forces, as well as a joint operations command and a separate special forces directorate; the Territorial Command is responsible for the active reserves and regional military commands that align with each of Czechia’s 13 regions and the capital, Prague (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees
392,198 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - IDPs
5 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons
588 (2024 est.)
Environment
Environmental issues
air and water pollution (including acid rain) in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava; pollution from industry, mining, and agriculture
International environmental agreements - party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Climate
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Land use - agricultural land
45.8% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 32.7% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 12.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
38.2% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
16% (2023 est.)
Urbanization - urban population
74.6% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions
79.901 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke
41.667 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids
25.707 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from consumed natural gas
12.527 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
15 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually
5.335 million tons (2024 est.)
Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled
37.3% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - municipal
626 million cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - industrial
776 million cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - agricultural
44 million cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
13.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks - total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Geoparks - global geoparks and regional networks
Bohemian Paradise (2023)