Country exposure · LU
Luxembourg
Europe · Luxembourg · constitutional monarchy
What Luxembourg means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.
$951M
U.S. imports, 2025
+36.3%
change in one year
$1.4B
U.S. exports, 2025
671K
Population
$93.2B
GDP
In your house
What you buy that Luxembourg makes
America bought $951M in goods from Luxembourg in 2025 — up 36.3% in a single year. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.
U.s. goods returned, and reimports
$309M32.5%
Other (movies, miscellaneous imports, and special transactions)
$114M12%
Iron and steel products, n.e.c.
$79M8.3%
Iron and steel mill products
steel for cars and construction
$67M7.1%
Finished metal shapes
$66M6.9%
Finished textile supplies
$58M6.1%
Industrial machines, other
$31M3.3%
Photo, service industry machinery
$29M3.1%
Trucks, buses, and special purpose vehicles
trucks, buses, SUVs
$25M2.6%
Industrial supplies, other
$20M2.2%
2026 so far (through April): $221M in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).
The other direction
What America sells to Luxembourg
$1.4B in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.
Artwork, antiques, stamps, etc.
$344MCivilian aircraft, engines, equipment, and parts
$309MChemicals-inorganic
$82MIndustrial machines, other
$69MTelecommunications equipment
$47Mphones, routers, networking gear
Other industrial supplies
$45MPhoto, service industry machinery
$40MParts for military-type goods
$38MIndustrial engines
$37MWhere you stand
U.S. tariff posture toward Luxembourg
Since February 24, 2026 most EU goods face the universal 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge, which replaced the framework's 15% all-inclusive IEEPA structure when EO 14389 terminated the reciprocal tariffs. The framework's Section 232 terms persist: EU autos at 15%, and the April 2026 metals expansion expressly preserved the EU's trade-agreement-partner treatment (steel and aluminum otherwise at 50%).
The United States negotiates tariffs with the European Union as a single market — every measure here applies to Luxembourg as an EU member.
Reciprocal tariff (assigned — terminated)
20%
The rate this country was assigned under the EO 14257 reciprocal Annex — no longer in force. The Supreme Court struck down the IEEPA tariffs and they were terminated February 24, 2026 (EO 14389), replaced by a universal ~10% Section 122 surcharge. See the timeline below for the current effective rate.
Section 232 sectors
Autos, Wood
Steel, aluminum, autos, and similar national-security tariffs that name this country.
Policy in motion
Tariff status: a moving target
U.S. tariff policy toward the European Union — and with it Luxembourg — has changed 11 times since 2025. This page tracks it.
2026-04-06
EU treatment preserved in expanded metals tariffs
In effectThe April 2026 proclamation expanding Section 232 coverage of aluminum, steel, and copper derivatives expressly does not alter or supersede the prior U.S.–EU agreement implementation, and lists the EU among 'Trade Agreement Partners' eligible for its exclusion process.
91 FR 18201 →2026-02-24
IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122
In effectExecutive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties — including those under EO 14257, the basis of the EU's 15% all-inclusive structure — effective February 24, 2026. A flat 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge (Proclamation 11012 of February 20, 2026) replaced them. The framework's Section 232 terms (the 15% EU autos cap, metals carve-outs) rest on separate authority and were expressly unaffected.
91 FR 9437 →2025-09-25
Framework implemented: preferential treatment for certain EU goods
In effectActing under the September 8, 2025 procedures order, Commerce and USTR modified the HTSUS to implement the framework — preferential (zero) reciprocal treatment for certain EU goods and a reduction of the Section 232 automobile and parts duty to 15% for EU-origin vehicles.
90 FR 46136 →2025-08-21
U.S.–EU Framework Agreement joint statement
AgreementThe United States and the European Union issued the Joint Statement on a Framework on an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade: the U.S. committed to the 15% all-inclusive ceiling, zero reciprocal duty on certain products, and a cut of the Section 232 automobile duty to 15%; the EU committed to eliminate tariffs on U.S. industrial goods and expand agricultural access, plus $750B in U.S. energy procurement through 2028.
Source ↗2025-08-07
15% all-inclusive structure replaces the 20% rate
In effectThe July 31, 2025 order ('Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates') gave the EU a unique structure effective August 7, 2025: for goods with an MFN (Column 1) rate below 15%, the reciprocal duty tops the total up to exactly 15%; goods with an MFN rate of 15% or higher pay no additional reciprocal duty.
Federal Register · 2025-15010 →2025-07-09
Reciprocal-rate pause extended to August 1
In effectThe July 7, 2025 order extended the suspension of country-specific reciprocal rates through August 1, 2025, keeping the EU at the 10% baseline while framework talks continued.
90 FR 30823 →2025-06-04
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties doubled to 50%
In effectThe June 3, 2025 proclamation raised Section 232 duties on steel and aluminum articles and derivatives from 25% to 50% effective June 4, 2025, with no EU carve-out.
90 FR 24199 →2025-04-10
90-day pause suspends the 20% rate back to 10%
In effectThe April 9, 2025 modification order suspended country-specific reciprocal rates for 90 days for all partners except China, returning the EU to the 10% universal baseline effective April 10, 2025 while negotiations proceeded.
90 FR 15625 →2025-04-09
EU country-specific reciprocal rate of 20% takes effect
In effectAnnex I of Executive Order 14257 assigned the European Union a 20% country-specific reciprocal rate, effective April 9, 2025 — the rate still carried for the EU in the HTS Chapter 99 Subchapter III note.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →2025-04-05
Universal 10% reciprocal baseline takes effect
In effectExecutive Order 14257 (signed April 2, 2025) imposed a 10% ad valorem reciprocal duty on imports from all trading partners, including the EU, effective April 5, 2025. The order singled out the EU's 5% average MFN rate and 10% passenger-vehicle tariff as examples of non-reciprocal treatment.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →2025-03-12
Section 232 steel and aluminum arrangements terminated — 25% duties on EU metals
In effectProclamations of February 10, 2025 ended the EU's tariff-rate-quota arrangements for steel and aluminum and raised the aluminum duty from 10% to 25%, applying 25% Section 232 duties to EU steel and aluminum effective March 12, 2025.
90 FR 9817 →
Made for America
What Luxembourg makes for America
Luxembourg is a direct U.S. source of 8 essential goods Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.
materials
Steel and iron products
$93M to the U.S.
materials
Aluminum and aluminum products
$36M to the U.S.
materials
Tires
$26M to the U.S.
home
Cosmetics & makeup
$17M to the U.S.
materials
Plumbing pipes and fittings
$15M to the U.S.
materials
Auto parts and repairs
$11M to the U.S.
materials
Power & hand tools
$10M to the U.S.
materials
HVAC systems and equipment
$9M to the U.S.
Go deeper
The supply chain view
Luxembourg sits upstream of 11 essential American goods through 12 tracked inputs.
manufactured
39%Medical-grade Tyvek® sterilization packaging
manufactured
15%Hot-dip galvanized steel
manufactured
11%Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) and ultra-HSS sheets
manufactured
8%Heavy Steel Rail (136 lb/yd Standard)
manufactured
7%Hygiene Spunbond/Airthrough Nonwoven (Topsheet)
manufactured
7%Crane Rail and Quayside Infrastructure
Reference
The country itself
Europe · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.
Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.
Geography
- Location
- Western Europe, between France and Germany
- Area
- 2,586 sq km
- Climate
- modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
- Terrain
- mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast
- Natural resources
- iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
- Coastline
- 0 km (landlocked)
- Natural hazards
- occasional flooding
People & society
- Population
- 671,254 (2024 est.)
- Nationality
- Luxembourger(s)
- Ethnic groups
- Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
- Languages
- Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)
- Religions
- Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)
- Median age
- 40.1 years (2025 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth
- 83.4 years (2024 est.)
Economy
- Economic overview
- high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility
- Industries
- banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
- Agricultural products
- milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)
- Exports - partners
- Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)
- Imports - partners
- Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)
Government
- Government type
- constitutional monarchy
- Capital
- Luxembourg
- Independence
- 1839 (from the Netherlands)
- Constitution
- previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
- Executive branch
- Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
- Legislative branch
- Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
Full reference data
Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.
Introduction
Background
Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.
Travel Facts
US State Dept Travel Advisory
The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise normal precautions when traveling to Luxembourg. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements
US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 6 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required as long as the stay is less than 90 days.
US Embassy/Consulate
+(352) 46-01-23-00; EMER: +(352) 46-01 23-23; US Embassy Luxembourg, 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Luxembourgconsular@state.gov; https://lu.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code
352
Local Emergency Phone
112/ 113
Vaccinations
See WHO recommendations http://www.who.int/
Climate
Modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Currency (Code)
Euros (EUR)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)
230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, F
Major Languages
Luxembourgish, German, Italian, English
Major Religions
Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.4%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.5%
Time Difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Potable Water
Yes
International Driving Permit
Suggested
Road Driving Side
Right
Tourist Destinations
Luxembourg Ardennes; Bourscheid Castle; Upper Sûre Natural Park & Esch-sur-Sûre village; Luxembourg American Cemetery in Hamm; Luxembourg City (includes Grand Ducal Palace, Walls of the Corniche, Museum of Modern Art (MUDAM), Grund District, Fort Thungen, Citadel wall)
Major Sports
Soccer, cycling, tennis
Cultural Practices
It is impolite to begin eating until the hostess begins.
Tipping Guidelines
A service charge of 15% is added to most restaurant bills, but leaving 1-2 euros for good service is appreciated. Tip taxi drivers 10%, bellhops and doormen 1-2 euros, and washroom attendants 50 cents to 1 euro.
Souvenirs
Carved wooden toys, Christmas decorations, and clocks; luxury fashions, jewelry, watches, crystal, and perfumes; porcelain, pottery/terracotta bird whistles
Traditional Cuisine
Judd mat Gaardebounen — smoked pork collar and broad beans
CIA source last updated
Wednesday, October 05, 2022
Travel resources
Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.
World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.
US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.
To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)
How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444
Page last updated: Wednesday, October 05, 2022
Geography
Location
Western Europe, between France and Germany
Geographic coordinates
49 45 N, 6 10 E
Map references
Europe
Area - total
2,586 sq km
Area - land
2,586 sq km
Area - water
0 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware
Land boundaries - total
327 km
Land boundaries - border countries
Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Terrain
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast
Elevation - highest point
Buurgplaatz 559 m
Elevation - lowest point
Moselle River 133 m
Elevation - mean elevation
325 m
Natural resources
iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Land use - agricultural land
51.7% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
34.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
13.9% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2012)
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Atlantic Ocean drainage
Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)
Population distribution
most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Natural hazards
occasional flooding
Geography - note
landlocked
People and Society
Population - total
671,254 (2024 est.)
Population - male
338,702
Population - female
332,552
Nationality - noun
Luxembourger(s)
Nationality - adjective
Luxembourg
Ethnic groups
Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups - note
note: data represent population by nationality
Languages
Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)
Religions
Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)
Age structure - 0-14 years
16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
Age structure - 15-64 years
67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
Age structure - 65 years and over
16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)
Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio
46.6 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio
23.2 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio
23.4 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - potential support ratio
4.3 (2024 est.)
Median age - total
40.1 years (2025 est.)
Median age - male
39.4 years
Median age - female
40.4 years
Population growth rate
1.26% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Urbanization - urban population
92.1% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio - at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 15-64 years
1.05 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - total population
1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
31 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate - total
3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate - male
3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate - female
2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population
83.4 years (2024 est.)
Life expectancy at birth - male
80.9 years
Life expectancy at birth - female
85.9 years
Total fertility rate
1.25 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.62 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: rural
rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: total
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: rural
rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: total
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
5.5% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
11% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: rural
rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural
rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.6% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita - total
11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - beer
4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - wine
4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits
2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use - total
21% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - male
22.1% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - female
19.9% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
51.1% (2022 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)
8.5% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total
14 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male
14 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female
15 years (2022 est.)
Government
Country name - conventional long form
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Country name - conventional short form
Luxembourg
Country name - local long form
Grand Duché de Luxembourg
Country name - local short form
Luxembourg
Country name - etymology
probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Government type
constitutional monarchy
Capital - name
Luxembourg
Capital - geographic coordinates
49 36 N, 6 07 E
Capital - time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Capital - daylight saving time
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Capital - etymology
probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Administrative divisions
12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz
Legal system
civil law system
Constitution - history
previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
Constitution - amendment process
proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship - citizenship by birth
limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory
Citizenship - citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized
yes
Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization
7 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch - chief of state
Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
Executive branch - head of government
Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
Executive branch - cabinet
Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
Executive branch - election/appointment process
the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
Legislative branch - legislature name
Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
Legislative branch - legislative structure
unicameral
Legislative branch - number of seats
60 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - electoral system
proportional representation
Legislative branch - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - term in office
5 years
Legislative branch - most recent election date
10/8/2023
Legislative branch - parties elected and seats per party
Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)
Legislative branch - percentage of women in chamber
35%
Legislative branch - expected date of next election
October 2028
Legislative branch - note
note: a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch - highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office
judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
Judicial branch - subordinate courts
Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
Political parties
Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR Christian Social People's Party or CSV Democratic Party or DP Green Party Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP Pirate Party The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery
2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone
[1] (202) 265-4171
Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX
[1] (202) 328-8270
Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general
New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)
Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy
22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address
5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone
[352] 46-01-23-00
Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX
[352] 46-14-01
Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1839 (from the Netherlands)
National holiday
National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June
National holiday - note
note: this is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year
Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue history: the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms
Flag - note
note: similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which is shorter and uses a darker blue
National symbol(s)
red rampant lion
National color(s)
red, white, light blue
National anthem(s) - title
“De Wilhelmus” (The William)
National anthem(s) - lyrics/music
Nikolaus WELTER
National anthem(s) - history
adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg
National heritage - total World Heritage Sites
1 (cultural)
National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales
Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications
Economy
Economic overview
high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$86.871 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$86.584 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024
1% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.7% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022
-1.1% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024
$128,200 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023
$129,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022
$132,600 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$93.197 billion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) - note
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.1% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
3.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
6.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture
0.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry
9% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services
81.9% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption
31.6% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption
18.6% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital
16.1% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories
1.3% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services
217.8% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services
-186.7% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)
Agricultural products - note
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
Industrial production growth rate
-1.1% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate - note
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
350,000 (2024 est.)
Labor force - note
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024
6% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023
5.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022
4.6% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate - note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total
20.2% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male
16.9% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female
24.2% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
17.3% (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line - note
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
34.1 (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%
2.9% (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%
25.6% (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - note
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances - Remittances 2024
2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2023
2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2022
2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances - note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget - revenues
$37.951 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - expenditures
$38.263 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - note
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt - Public debt 2017
23% of GDP (2017 est.)
Public debt - note
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues
27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Taxes and other revenues - note
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance - Current account balance 2024
$12.877 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2023
$9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2022
$7.509 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance - note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports - Exports 2024
$202.203 billion (2024 est.)
Exports - Exports 2023
$195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports - Exports 2022
$184.53 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)
Exports - partners - note
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
Exports - commodities - note
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - Imports 2024
$160.032 billion (2024 est.)
Imports - Imports 2023
$156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports - Imports 2022
$149.751 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)
Imports - partners - note
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)
Imports - commodities - note
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$2.789 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$2.874 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates - Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024
0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023
0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022
0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021
0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020
0.876 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access - electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity
2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
Electricity - consumption
5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - exports
1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - imports
6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - transmission/distribution losses
141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels
10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - solar
37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - wind
55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity
-35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
Electricity generation sources - biomass and waste
32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal - consumption
34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - exports
30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
Coal - imports
34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption
51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Natural gas - consumption
556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - imports
552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023
224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions
260,000 (2022 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
40 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions
961,000 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
137 (2021 est.)
Broadcast media
long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available
Internet country code
.lu
Internet users - percent of population
99% (2024 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total
250,000 (2022 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
38 (2022 est.)
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
LX
Airports
3 (2025)
Heliports
11 (2025)
Railways - total
271 km (2020) 262 km electrified
Merchant marine - total
147 (2023)
Merchant marine - by type
bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)
Military and security forces - note
note: the Grand Ducal Police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of Internal Security
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024
1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023
1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022
0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021
0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Luxembourg Army has a small mix of Western origin equipment (2025)
Military service age and obligation
18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)
Military service age and obligation - note
note 1: since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer note 2: 2024, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel
Military - note
founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949 in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees
14,344 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons
85 (2024 est.)
Environment
Environmental issues
air and water pollution in urban areas; soil pollution of farmland
International environmental agreements - party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified
Environmental Modification
Climate
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Land use - agricultural land
51.7% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
34.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
13.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization - urban population
92.1% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions
8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke
75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids
7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from consumed natural gas
1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually
490,300 tons (2024 est.)
Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled
42% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - municipal
43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - industrial
1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - agricultural
490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks - total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Geoparks - global geoparks and regional networks
Mëllerdall (2023)
Space
Space agency/agencies
the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA; established 2018) (2025)
Space program overview
Luxembourg Space Agency was established in 2018 to develop space policy, encourage and coordinate commercial space ventures, support space education, and promote the country’s space-related capabilities internationally; has a national space strategy; has set up policy and funding initiatives (such as LuxIMPULSE) to encourage research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship and attract space-based industries; focuses on developing commercial satellites and infrastructure, as well as other capabilities and technologies; hosts some of the largest commercial satellite companies in the world; member of the ESA since 2005 and participates in a variety of ESA programs; cooperates bilaterally with individual ESA and EU member states; also works with other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, the UAE, and the US (2025)
Key space-program milestones
1980s - began creating a satellite telecommunications infrastructure for Europe 2014 - first privately built probe to successfully fly by the Moon (launched by China) 2018 - developed communications satellite (GOVSAT-1) to support the EU’s secure communications and space situational awareness program (GOVSATCOM) 2020 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration and agreed to join the Moon exploration mission 2021 - launched Luxembourg’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure project (LuxQCI) in support of the EU’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure (EuroQCI) 2025 - launched the Luxembourg Earth Observation System (LUXEOSys) satellite, part of a national space-based remote sensing program