118-hr-5009118th CongressWALLET

Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025

Sponsored By: Representative Joyce, David P. [R-OH-14]

Became Law

Summary

defense modernization is the central aim of this law, which funds broad FY2025 procurement, R&D, military construction, and personnel needs while adding new acquisition rules, supply‑chain requirements, and family supports to speed fielding and resilience.

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Families and service members benefit from child‑development staffing and pay reforms, permanent portability of military‑spouse occupational licenses, TRICARE zero cost‑sharing for contraceptives, and a three‑year gamete cryopreservation pilot with reimbursements up to $500 for sperm and $10,000 for egg retrieval and storage.
Defense industry and acquisition change how the Pentagon buys tech. The law creates a faster software and covered‑hardware pathway, expands Other Transaction Authority and prototyping pilots, demands supply‑chain visibility and domestic sourcing, and sets a default rapid‑prototyping award cap of $50 million.
Nuclear, missile‑defense, and partner posture get new authorities and limits. It creates senior nuclear deterrence offices, bars reducing deployed ICBMs below 400 for FY2025, directs missile‑defense expansion including an East Coast interceptor site by 2030 subject to appropriations, and authorizes Israel co‑production ceilings such as up to $110 million for Iron Dome.

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Bill Overview

Analyzed Economic Effects

303 provisions identified: 236 benefits, 21 costs, 46 mixed.

Reimbursement for gamete preservation

Eligible active‑duty members can be reimbursed for gamete preservation costs during a three‑year demo. Sperm costs are reimbursed up to $500 per year. Egg preservation is reimbursed up to $10,000 per year. The Defense Department must start the demo within one year and publish the start date. Participants must complete an advanced directive.

Automatic PSLF help for DoD

Within one year, the Defense and Education Departments match records to find covered DoD service since October 1, 2007 and count qualifying payments for Public Service Loan Forgiveness. They certify your qualifying service and payment counts without asking you for more paperwork.

Higher bonuses, housing pay, tuition help

The law raises key pays and benefits for service members. The Health Professions accession bonus is now $100,000. The top skill proficiency bonus rises to $55,000. Basic Allowance for Housing now covers all ranks below E-6 while on sea duty. Tuition help for the Platoon Leaders Class jumps from $5,200 to $13,800. These changes take effect on enactment.

Higher pay and allowance protections

Starting April 1, 2025, new basic pay tables raise monthly pay by rank and years of service. The law keeps many bonuses and special pays in effect through December 31, 2025. Your travel allowance cannot be denied just because you did not use a zero‑emission vehicle. Officers who move into the Space Force still get a one‑time uniform allowance during the transition period.

Crackdown on opioid chemicals and trafficking

The DNI must deliver a plan in 120 days to improve intelligence sharing on synthetic opioid precursor chemicals from China and other sources. Defense‑wide counter‑drug programs receive FY2025 funding as shown in section 4501. The State Department may run a Precursor Chemical Destruction Initiative in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, with a plan due in 90 days and yearly results. The program uses existing international narcotics control funds and aims to raise seizure and destruction rates and reduce environmental harm.

More funding to fight ISIS

The law authorizes $380.758 million for FY2025 to counter ISIS and extends that authority through December 31, 2025. It also allows up to $75 million in reimbursements to coalition partners from October 1, 2024, through December 31, 2025. This supports U.S. and partner security operations.

New AI and cyber security efforts at DoD

DoD must set up a test venue and scenarios for automated target recognition by June 1, 2025 and test at least two programs by September 1, 2025. Within 180 days, DoD will issue zero‑trust guidance for IoT and wearables used in operations. The Department must start an AI pilot within 60 days to improve depot and shipyard workflows and report results in one year. The NSA must open an AI Security Center within 90 days and keep it for at least three years. DoD also launches a five‑year AI‑for‑biotech pilot and codifies a Joint Federated Assurance Center to strengthen hardware/software assurance and supply‑chain risk management.

New conservation grants with 2‑to‑1 match

The law authorizes $1 million for FY2025 and up to $100 million each year from FY2026 to FY2034 for a Foundation’s grants. Grantees must raise $2 in non‑federal funds for every $1 in these grants. The Foundation must cover its administrative costs with non‑federal money. Grant funds cannot be used to influence Congress.

Nuclear forces safeguards and testing

For FY2025, the U.S. keeps at least 400 deployed ICBMs and may not lower ICBM alert levels. The Defense Secretary cannot deploy or buy covered missile defense systems without realistic tests showing high probability of success, and an independent test assessment must go to Congress. The Air Force may restore B‑52 nuclear capability with work starting no later than 30 days after New START ends and finishing by December 31, 2029, and must send a funding plan to grow Long Range Standoff Weapon buys by one‑third within 120 days. Congress now gets a biennial nuclear plan in odd fiscal years, regular briefings on command‑and‑control modernization, and updated warning certifications to 2030 with new consolidation and waiver rules. In FY2025, dismantling B83‑1 bombs is limited unless certified safe for deterrence or needed for safety or sustainment. Certain Navy and research travel funds are capped until required nuclear‑related strategies or certifications are submitted.

Safer Army vehicles and base security

All Army HMMWVs must have anti‑lock brakes and stability control by September 30, 2033. The Army must deliver a retrofit plan within 90 days and certify budgets on March 1, 2025, 2026, and 2027. The Army must also deliver a Centralized Security Monitoring plan for U.S. facilities by September 1, 2025. It cannot start building until it certifies enough funding, and it must begin by January 1, 2027 once certified.

Stronger lab security and plutonium plan

Starting April 15, 2025, citizens or agents of China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran cannot enter non‑public areas of NNSA labs and nuclear sites unless a background review clears them and the Secretary certifies to Congress 30 days before entry. If the MOX facility processes less than 34 metric tons of defense plutonium by October 1, 2026, DOE must send Congress a disposition plan by December 1, 2026 and update it every two years.

Stronger missile defense and oversight

The law requires a GBMD flight test at least once each fiscal year. Within five years after the next‑generation interceptor is ready, tests must include it. If a test is skipped, top officials must explain within 45 days and outline how tests will resume. By March 31 each year from 2025 through 2030, Defense and Energy must brief Congress on progress carrying out strategic posture recommendations, with costs, timelines, and industrial‑base impacts.

Stronger U.S. missile and air defenses

The Missile Defense Agency must set up a third U.S. interceptor site on the East Coast by December 31, 2030, if funded. DoD must name a senior official within 120 days to design and oversee the national air and missile defense architecture. The law requires a hypersonic defense program of record and gives the Navy a dedicated budget line for a nuclear sea‑launched cruise missile starting with the FY2026 budget. These steps guide national defense planning, siting, and budgets.

Up to $300M for Taiwan defense

DoD can use up to $300 million from FY2025 funds to support Taiwan’s security. Help can cover radars, ISR, air and missile defense, secure communications, munitions, training, transport, and more. DoD must notify Congress 15 days before providing assistance. This authority ends December 31, 2029.

Allied‑paid projects in Korea, Poland

DoD can accept named construction projects that allies fund. Examples include a $180 million hangar at USAG Humphreys (Korea) and a $69 million maintenance hangar at Lask Air Base (Poland). These add facilities that support U.S. forces.

FY2025 funding for military health

For FY2025, the Defense Health Program is funded at about $39.55 billion. This includes about $10.67 billion for in‑house care, $20.20 billion for private‑sector care, and $46.5 million for research. These funds keep medical care running for service members, families, and retirees.

Base upgrades and minimum upkeep

The law funds major defense construction projects in and outside the U.S. It sets a floor for facility upkeep: 1.75% of plant value in FY2027, 2.5% in FY2028, 3.25% in FY2029, and 4% in FY2030 and after. It authorizes funding for base realignment and closure work. DoD and Hawaii must also coordinate a repair plan for Kolekole Pass and report in 120 days.

Flexible defense budgets and reports

The Defense Secretary can shift up to $6 billion of FY2025 authorizations to higher‑priority items, with notices to Congress. The law also funds DoD working capital and revolving funds for FY2025. A unified missile defense budget program continues, with annual reports detailing line items, priorities, and risks through 2030.

FY2025 defense procurement and Army buys

Congress authorizes FY2025 procurement for all services, as listed in section 4101’s table. Within that, the Army gets about $3.18 billion for aircraft, $2.71 billion for ammunition, and $6.63 billion for missiles. These funds support helicopters, drones, munitions, missile systems, and related gear. Actual spending depends on later appropriations.

FY2025 military construction across services

The law authorizes many base construction projects for the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Guard/Reserve. Examples include Mountain Home AFB at $1.093 billion, F.E. Warren AFB at $1.581 billion, and Norfolk Naval Shipyard at $635.739 million. Work starts only if Congress later provides the money and within the listed limits. Projects include U.S. and overseas locations.

More funding for Upper Colorado and San Juan rivers

The recovery programs run through fiscal year 2031. The law authorizes $50 million for capital projects for FY2024–FY2031, with cost index updates after FY2024. It sets lump‑sum amounts of $92.04 million, $61.1 million, and $30.94 million for program categories for FY2024–FY2031. It also allows non‑Federal and Federal contributions with limits, including no more than $499,000 in power revenues.

NATO security projects funded

The U.S. authorizes about $463.9 million for NATO Security Investment Program projects for fiscal years after September 30, 2024.

Navy buys ships, planes, weapons

For 2025, the law funds Navy aircraft (~$16.176 billion), weapons (~$6.695 billion), and ammunition (~$1.673 billion). It also funds shipbuilding and conversion (~$32.744 billion). The Navy can use incremental funding for certain destroyer and submarine contracts, with payments limited to funds Congress provides each year.

Nuclear cleanup funds and enrichment study

The law authorizes FY2025 funding for DOE defense environmental cleanup, other defense activities, and nuclear energy programs, as shown in the funding tables. The Energy Department must also assess 2–4 U.S. sites within 90 days for a modular, scalable uranium enrichment plant. It must report preferred locations and initial costs within 150 days after starting the study. The plan targets starting construction of at least one facility by January 1, 2027.

Tanker fleet payments set through 2040

The Tanker Security Fleet runs through 2040. Per‑ship payments are set by year, such as $8.16 million for FY2025–FY2026 and $8.38 million for FY2027–FY2028, rising to $9.833 million for FY2039–FY2040. Matching appropriations are authorized and paid in 12 equal monthly checks, subject to the law’s rules.

Tighter oversight of Sentinel program

DoD must keep strong federal control over key Sentinel ICBM reviews and certifications and ensure competition over the program’s life. If Milestone B is revised, DoD must explain to Congress within 60 days how these oversight requirements are met.

U.S.–Israel missile co‑production funds

For FY2025, the law allows up to $110 million for Iron Dome parts, $40 million for David’s Sling with an Israeli match and at least 50% U.S. co‑production, and $50 million for Arrow 3 with an Israeli match and at least 50% U.S. co‑production. Required certifications are due 30 days before funds are first used.

Base and housing construction funding

The law authorizes money for Army, Air Force, and Guard/Reserve construction, land buys, and military family housing for years after September 30, 2024. Amounts are in the funding table. It also caps total Army project costs so they cannot exceed the authorized amount.

Base infrastructure and energy upgrades

The government funds energy resilience and conservation projects at named bases, such as $73.47 million at Rock Island Arsenal and $77.27 million at Naval Base Kitsap. Not‑for‑profit, member‑owned utility services can now receive Defense Community Infrastructure grants. A pilot lets DoD run up to five consolidation projects (each up to $25 million), usually cutting facility space by at least 20% and requiring a 20‑year positive net present value.

FY2025 funding for military pay

The law authorizes FY2025 appropriations for military personnel pay and related costs as listed in the funding table. This authority covers all Armed Forces and Defense activities for FY2025 and supersedes other authorizations for the same purpose.

FY2025 military pay funding levels

The law authorizes about $182.746 billion for Military Personnel in FY2025. It also notes a $1.6 billion line for junior enlisted pay increases in the conference figures.

Allied innovation and SOF funding

DoD may contribute up to $200 million over five years to the NATO Innovation Fund. A special operations headquarters is renamed the Allied Special Operations Forces Command, with authorized funding raised from $50 million to $55 million.

Army buys more combat vehicles

For FY2025, $3.766 billion is authorized for Army weapons and tracked combat vehicles. This includes programs like AMPV, M10 Booker, Abrams upgrades, Paladin PIM, and Stryker upgrades.

Maritime Security Program funding through 2040

The law extends Maritime Security Program operating agreements to 2040 and sets specific annual payment levels. It authorizes $390 million for each of FY2025 and FY2026, and higher set amounts from FY2033 through FY2040, subject to appropriations.

More telecom funds and auctions

The cap for Secure and Trusted Communications reimbursements rises to $4.98 billion. A new Spectrum Auction Trust Fund will receive $3.3 billion from a covered auction, with the FCC able to borrow up to $3.08 billion and Commerce up to $220 million to prepare. The FCC must start the covered auction within 18 months.

F‑35 deliveries limited until fixes

The Pentagon cannot accept more than 30 F‑35A, 9 F‑35B, and 9 F‑35C new aircraft until the Secretary certifies key fixes and plans are in place. Yearly updates to Congress start April 1, 2025, for five years.

Tougher China-related defense and data rules

The law adds China to missile‑defense limits that already apply to Russia. DoD cannot buy online tutoring that could send Americans’ personal data to Chinese control. DoD cannot support entertainment projects that bow to Chinese government censorship unless the Secretary issues a written national‑interest waiver. The Defense Department must explain why it adds or removes Chinese companies from its public list and publish it at least yearly in English and Mandarin. Starting 270 days after enactment, DoD cannot contract for covered semiconductor products with firms that knowingly supply Huawei, unless a narrow national‑security waiver applies. Vendors must certify they are not covered by the ban.

Port grants with job protections

The law authorizes $500 million for the Port Infrastructure Development Program in FY2025 and other MARAD funds. Port grants cannot buy fully automated remote cargo systems if they would cause a net job loss, and the agency must report its analysis within 3 days of such a finding. For FY2025 grants, certain shore power projects are eligible, Great Lakes are treated as inland waters, categorical exclusions must be published within one year, and solicitation deadlines must be extended if changed mid‑cycle. Applicants for digital systems must certify a security plan or describe cyber fixes.

Help for Afghan allies to relocate

The Secretary appoints a Coordinator for Afghan Relocation. The office helps eligible Afghan allies relocate and assists U.S. citizens and green card holders who ask for help. The Coordinator can hire staff and use contracts if funds are available. These authorities end three years after enactment.

More time for minor survivor claims

If you were under 21 when a service member died, you get more time to file a death gratuity claim. You must file within three years after you turn 21 or within six years after the death, whichever is later. This applies to deaths on or after January 1, 2025.

Funding for military retirement homes

The Armed Forces Retirement Home receives $100.52 million for FY2025 operations. This money keeps the homes running for eligible military retirees.

More help for survivors

Survivors of covered deaths on or after enactment qualify for the death gratuity and casualty help without a 13‑day duty rule. The law also updates language to cover all survivors, not only spouses and dependents.

More retired pay for Vietnam Era heroes

The law removes caps on the extra retired pay for extraordinary heroism if you served during the Vietnam Era. If you qualify, your additional retired pay is no longer limited by those caps. This change applies now.

New child care centers on bases

The law funds design and construction of new Child Development Centers and family support buildings at specific military bases in FY2025. This adds child‑care capacity where the projects are built.

Easier access to TRICARE care

Active‑duty members no longer need a TRICARE Prime referral for physical therapy, nutrition, hearing, eye, or foot care at military clinics. The Defense Department must issue guidance within one year on when it will pay travel costs for specialty care in exceptional cases. It also tracks access to specialty behavioral health visits and can adjust standards in states that miss access goals for 12 straight months through January 1, 2028.

Expanded brain injury care and oversight

The Defense Intrepid Network for traumatic brain injury becomes a formal program by January 1, 2026, with yearly reports. A Brain Health and Trauma Program adds specialist evaluations, treatment starts, aftercare, and pilot intensive outpatient care, with a briefing by December 31, 2025. DoD must create a TBI oversight plan within one year, including 72‑hour follow‑up checks and standard care rules.

Meal programs at DoD schools

The Defense Department can run school meal programs for students in domestic DoD schools and a breakfast program for students overseas. Domestic programs must follow U.S. Department of Agriculture rules. This can lower food costs for military families with children in DoD schools.

Medical readiness for deployments improves

Within one year, the Defense Department sets up plans to buy and pre‑position FDA‑cleared treatments for radiation sickness and severe burns for deployed members and DoD civilians. By January 1, 2026, DoD also builds an Indo‑Pacific medical readiness program to expand access to partner hospitals, standardize accreditation, and reduce evacuations. An implementation strategy is due by September 30, 2025, with annual reports from October 1, 2026 through October 1, 2035.

More care at joint VA-DoD centers

The Lovell Federal Health Care Center can operate with an added $162.5 million transfer from Defense Health funds. The joint facility authority runs through September 30, 2026. The Armed Forces Retirement Home must have licensed practitioners on duty during business hours and on call after hours.

More child care help for military families

If a spouse is job‑seeking, a service member can receive Defense‑provided or paid child care for at least 180 days. The Secretary must fully fund eligible requests from civilian child care and youth providers if Congress provides the money. DoD also redesigns pay and staffing for its child development programs, starting by April 1, 2025, with yearly briefings for four years.

More TRICARE mental health and doctors

Within 180 days, DoD issues interim rules so licensed TRICARE network mental health providers can serve patients by telehealth across locations. The Defense Health Agency also recognizes more medical certifying boards. This helps more qualified doctors practice in military hospitals and expands access to care.

Perinatal mental health support grows

The Defense Department expands mental health support for pregnant and postpartum service members and their spouses, through one year after birth. The program adds screening tools, brief help, counseling, support groups, and a communication plan. The Secretary reports to Congress by December 31, 2025 on progress and resources.

Stronger brain and hearing safety rules

DoD must set blast and overpressure safety limits by January 1, 2027, train members on them, and track exposures in a central data system. Waivers are allowed for essential missions but must be justified and reported. The department can buy approved active hearing protection and must prefer U.S. suppliers. DoD will also study immune response to COVID‑19 vaccines and infections and brief Congress within 180 days, with a volunteer blood test study if needed.

TRICARE: $0 birth control, lower copays

If you use TRICARE, you pay $0 for covered prescription birth control at retail or by mail. If you are in TRICARE Select or Prime, you pay $0 for covered contraceptive services from network providers. The Defense Department can also waive or cut pharmacy cost‑sharing for dependents in TRICARE Prime Remote who move with a member on a government‑paid assignment.

Fix barracks faster and track complaints

Each service must show, in its budget, the gap between required and requested funds to repair and modernize unaccompanied housing. DoD must track tenant complaints for covered housing and report fixes taken, with an initial report in 120 days and annual reports for three years. Within 180 days, each service must also send a plan to use leasing or contracts to address barracks shortages and poor conditions.

More funding for military family housing

The law funds building and fixing military family housing. Examples include up to $209.242 million for Air Force housing improvements, $488.186 million to build or buy housing at Andersen AFB (Guam), and set amounts for Army family housing at Chievres ($100.954 million) and Rheinland‑Pfalz ($63.246 million). It also funds Ramstein housing ($5.75 million) plus up to $6.557 million for design, and authorizes Navy construction and family housing per the funding table.

On-base internet and easier living

If you live in U.S. military unaccompanied housing, your service can provide free broadband. DoD must set rules within 90 days that meet or beat FCC speed targets and bring service to individual rooms. Each service must also give residents an online way to submit housing maintenance requests. The Army must run a five‑year pilot, starting within 180 days, to make food on base easier to access for residents using a common access card.

Advance warning before big contract cuts

DoD must notify Congress at least 30 days before canceling a contract if it will cut 50 or more remote base contractor jobs or 100 contractor jobs total. The notice must explain effects on service members. For national security, the Secretary can waive the advance notice, but must notify within one week after canceling.

Base childcare waitlist transparency

The Defense Department must report each year on the 20 bases with the longest childcare waitlists. Reports must show how many children are waiting by age, current capacity, unmet need in the region, and whether staffing or maintenance drives delays. The report must also list steps to reduce shortages and shorten waitlists.

Better public schools on bases

DODEA keeps class size staffing rules through the 2029–2030 school year. DoD must deliver an updated assessment within one year on public schools on bases, funding status, and project schedules. The number of eligible projects rises from 38 to 71. GAO must evaluate the program within 180 days after that assessment.

Better transition and schooling for reservists

Transition Assistance Program counseling now has a pathway tailored to Reserve Component members. TAP reporting covers seven years and must detail in‑person vs. remote attendance and who missed counseling for operational reasons. Reserve students can finish Phase I or II professional military education fully by distance without any in‑person attendance.

Bigger basic needs help and moving support

The law raises the Basic Needs Allowance income limit from 150% to 200%, so more lower‑income service members can qualify. It also removes the one‑vehicle cap for moving and storage reimbursements, so eligible households can get paid for more than one privately owned vehicle. Both changes apply now.

Easier federal hiring for military spouses

The noncompetitive federal hiring authority for military spouses now runs through December 31, 2033. DoD must publish yearly reports starting by December 31, 2025 on how often it is used, which jobs are filled, and outcomes. The final report must say if the authority should become permanent.

Faster enlistment processing and athlete options

Within 120 days, DoD uses military health staff to speed medical record reviews for applicants. Within 180 days, people found ineligible to enlist must receive information on other federal or public‑service jobs. Each service can transfer up to three cadets or midshipmen per academic year who sign pro athlete contracts to the Selected Reserve, with up to 10 years of commissioned service.

Friendlier career rules for service members

Officers assigned to training can opt out of a promotion board. Giving birth, pregnancy loss, or stillbirth now count as covered postpartum events for fitness and body composition testing. The Air Force and Space Force no longer require active‑duty status to apply for warrant officer. The Army must wait 270 days after notice to Congress before merging or ending two cyber officer career paths.

Higher pay for on-base child care

Nonappropriated fund employees who provide care in military child development centers must be paid at competitive local rates. No one can be paid below the DoD civilian minimum hourly rate, and existing workers do not get pay cuts. These pay rules take effect no later than April 1, 2025.

Lower child care costs and support

If you work at a military child development center, your first child attends with no fee. Each extra child pays no more than the discounted rate. Centers must post the National Child Abuse Hotline and give the number to parents, and outreach on waitlists expands to eligible providers.

Lower join-up costs and faster waivers

The Defense Department can reimburse up to $100 for a required medical appointment when you apply to join the military. A two-year pilot lets the entrance processing command approve medical waivers for up to three common preexisting conditions for reserve recruits. The pilot starts within 180 days, with a briefing to Congress within 90 days of the start and a final report 90 days after it ends.

More DODEA access for military kids

Children of members who died in a terrorist attack, certain peacekeeping missions, or a combat‑related line‑of‑duty death can enroll in DODEA schools tuition‑free. If the child lives on a U.S. base, the Secretary may make that enrollment guaranteed (space‑required). Home‑schooled K–12 students are now eligible for DODEA virtual programs. Children of foreign military assigned to the U.N. Command may enroll in DODEA schools in South Korea or Japan.

More help for DoD civilians overseas

Civilian DoD workers in Guam can get a living quarters allowance if their job is marked a critical shortage. This authority lasts through January 1, 2034. DoD competitive service employees overseas can also get one extra 5‑year tour without a business‑case, if approved by the first O‑6 in the chain, for two years after enactment.

More hiring paths for spouses, fellows

Spouses of State and intelligence employees, and some service members assigned to intelligence elements, can get federal jobs more easily, including remote roles. Graduates of the McCain Strategic Defense Fellows Program can be hired or converted noncompetitively into jobs at or below GS‑13 with consent. The expanded spouse authority stays in place for five years and requires a report.

More K-12 options for military kids

Within 180 days, dependents of full‑time active‑duty members can enroll in domestic DODEA schools on a space‑available basis at the member’s installation, even if the family lives off‑base. For FY2025, the law sets aside $50 million for LEAs serving military dependents, $10 million for another LEA payment stream, and $10 million for districts with many military children with severe disabilities. DoD will brief Congress by March 31, 2025.

More leave, longer federal service

Covered federal civilian employees now earn 20 days of military leave a year, up from 15. Military technicians and reservists can stay on the rolls until age 62 instead of 60. The authority to appoint certain Inspector General employees overseas to the competitive service extends from 5 to 10 years.

More pay flexibility for civilians overseas

Civilian DoD employees on official duty in combat zones keep getting allowances and gratuities through 2026. Agencies can continue waiving premium and aggregate pay caps for overseas federal civilians through 2025. The underlying eligibility rules do not change.

More support for State and Foreign Service

USAID staff can receive the education allowance while on military leave. Paid State/USAID internships now include recent grads and allow 24–40 hours per week with mentoring. New Foreign Service hires in D.C. training under six months get per diem; no lodging per diem if they keep a permanent D.C. home. Professional licenses for Foreign Service members and spouses are portable during assignments when they give notice and stay in good standing. Agencies may grant up to 20 days of paid R&R leave each year for employees in high‑risk posts.

New training and degrees for troops

The Defense Department creates online AI and machine‑learning courses for service members within 180 days. New officers must complete Constitution training before their first assignment, starting no later than 180 days after enactment. A pilot lets selected enlisted members earn master’s degrees at the Naval Postgraduate School and then serve in related roles. The Army adds new skill identifiers for certain Mountain Warfare courses within 180 days.

Paid fellowships for military spouses

Military spouses can receive paid fellowships with employers across industries, in person, remote, or hybrid. The program starts January 1, 2026, and ends January 1, 2031. How many people are placed depends on available funding. The earlier pilot ends January 1, 2026.

Paid local‑holiday leave overseas

If you work for the U.S. government overseas, your agency can grant up to 10 paid days each year for local holidays. Each agency decides whether to offer this leave and how to apply it.

Pay boost authority for shipyards

The Navy can modify Virginia‑class submarine contracts to add money only to raise shipbuilder wages or non‑executive salaries. Each year’s payments depend on Congress approving funds, and U.S. termination costs are limited to what’s already obligated. This helps shipyard workers without setting exact raises.

Spouse licenses and parental leave

If you move on military orders, your covered professional license is treated as valid in the new state after you submit the required application. Licensing boards must act within 30 days or may issue a temporary license. Coast Guard Reserve members also get the statutory parental leave, starting October 1, 2025.

Stronger staffing for military health care

From January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2030, more nurse officers can be promoted when needed for medical readiness. For fiscal years 2025–2027, licensed mental health officers are not counted against officer strength limits. DoD’s enhanced hiring and pay authority for certain health providers lasts through December 31, 2030. Military medical facilities can waive certain OPM experience rules for qualified current or former DoD nurses who earned a nursing degree after starting service.

Tracking retention of military clinicians

Each service surveys its health care providers every year and reports to Congress by September 30, starting in 2025 through 2030. Reports include who stays or leaves, why, and detailed demographics by specialty, rank, gender, years of service, and accession path. The goal is to guide actions to improve retention.

Travel pay for long drill commutes

Beginning January 1, 2027, if you travel more than 50 miles from your permanent home for certain inactive‑duty training or muster, you get travel, meal, and incidental expenses like official travel. The law sets rules for when you establish or change your permanent residence. DoD must report to Congress by January 1, 2026 on expected costs and how many members this helps.

Annual MilTax notice for service members

The Defense Department sends each service member a MilTax and tax‑help notice by March 1 every year. Notices go by email or other electronic means. The department must also report participation to Congress within six months after enactment.

Easier for small firms to work DoD

DoD must create a Small Business Bill of Rights within a year, with a binding complaint‑resolution process and annual reporting. Within 90 days, small‑business notices on SAM.gov must be clearer and easier to find. Within a year, DoD will track small‑business OTA awards. Within 180 days, a pilot eases small‑firm access to shared classified facilities through 2030. DoD also must list and share domestic nonavailability determinations within 180 days.

Faster buying and new tech awards

DoD must set fast pathways so software and covered hardware can be fielded within one year of funding, with guidance due in 90 days. A competitive procurement program can fund selected innovative tech proposals up to $50 million each (more with approval), with priority for small and nontraditional firms and required data plans and reports.

Better base facilities and safer leases

Each service must plan to demolish or modernize poor or underused buildings, with annual assessments starting by December 1, 2025 and briefings beginning with the FY2027 budget. The Navy must plan within 90 days to repair or replace NAS Pensacola damage and brief twice a year for five years. DoD can fund and assist Guam regulators to speed defense projects and can alter or furnish U.S. space for allied co‑location with reimbursement. DoD must avoid or delay leasing or buying risky foreign‑linked overseas buildings and notify Congress before certain deals.

Biodefense reviews and bio data rules

DoD must complete major biodefense posture reviews and plans by December 31, 2026 and December 31, 2029. Reviews list threats, needed capabilities, and recommendations and are unclassified with an optional classified annex. The DNI must run a 90‑day assessment to standardize handling of biological data, with experts named in 30 days. The study must set security and metadata standards and give timelines to implement fixes within 180 days after the study.

Boards and plans to speed defense innovation

DoD must stand up a small advisory panel within 90 days to streamline requirements, with a first report by September 30, 2025 and a 3‑year sunset. DoD must file a biotechnology roadmap within one year and update it every two years, and GAO must review it within 180 days after the first plan. Starting with the FY2027 budget, each military department must submit a five‑year innovation plan with goals, costs, and timelines. DoD must hire an independent FFRDC to review construction roles and report by February 1, 2026. A board to improve the Foreign Military Sales process is created and runs through December 31, 2030.

Broader Iran threat reporting

Annual reports to Congress now cover more about Iran, including proxy forces, maritime harassment, drone exports, and effects on Israel’s military edge. Added reports also track disinformation, recruitment, and targeting of U.S. nationals and dissidents, and procurement and production networks. The main report runs through December 31, 2026, and follow‑ups are due yearly for up to two years after 2024.

Coordinate on critical materials projects

The Defense Secretary must consult agency heads during environmental reviews of projects that boost supplies of strategic and critical materials for the National Defense Stockpile. Strategic materials include rare earths needed for defense and economic security. This rule starts now.

Counter‑drone task force and library

DoD must set up a Counter‑UAS Task Force within 30 days and update directives within 120 days. New guidance must be taught to commanders taking command on or after July 1, 2025, and bases must issue local procedures soon after. The Army must create a counter‑small drone threat library within 180 days, with classified and unclassified data and a sharing framework. DoD must send a strategy and assessment to Congress by June 1, 2025.

Cyber drills and new intel unit

DoD starts cyber tabletop exercises within one year and runs them twice a year through December 30, 2030. A dedicated cyber intelligence capability must be in place by October 1, 2026, with a plan due January 1, 2026 and funding requests starting in FY2027. DoD must make a plan in 270 days to use modern data formats (like JSON) for command and weapon systems, and run pilots soon after. GAO must report in 18 months on cyber and spectrum risks to U.S. airspace systems and needed defenses.

Deeper defense ties with Japan and Korea

By March 1, 2025, DoD must submit a plan to advance trilateral defense cooperation with Japan and South Korea and then report yearly through 2029. DoD must also send a plan by March 1, 2025 to strengthen extended deterrence for South Korea. Within 180 days, DoD must plan to reconstitute U.S. Forces Japan as a joint force headquarters and give yearly progress reports starting June 1, 2026.

Expanded accounting for Vietnam War missing

The program is renamed the Vietnam wartime accounting initiative and expands to include verification, digitization, archives management, and DNA capacity building in Vietnam. DoD must name a lead office to coordinate. The program’s date is extended to October 1, 2031.

Fairer officer separations and records privacy

An officer kept by a board can be separated only if the Secretary finds the board was clearly wrong and separation is essential, with written reasons and a chance to respond. In exceptional cases, a Secretary may allow remote appearances before boards of inquiry. Officers facing discharge for non‑selection must be retained until they finish their active‑duty service obligation, unless waived. DoD must remove certain information from the Central Index of Investigations as of October 1, 2025 to improve privacy.

Faster new embassies and State operations

Within 90 days and then every 180 days for five years, State must send classified reports on staffing at each diplomatic post. Within 120 days, State must report a framework to speed opening newer posts and name a senior official to drive reforms; these authorities end five years after enactment. The National Museum of American Diplomacy can keep fees and rental income for museum use and manage its collection under new authorities.

Faster notices on defense decisions

Agencies must alert Congress quickly about key defense and security actions. Notices cover serious security incidents (within 8 days), when the Deputy assumes Secretary duties (within 24 hours), and State Department security decisions at overseas posts (within 10 days). DoD must notify on military construction fund moves (within 14 days) and contract awards (within 30 days). The Air Force must report MH‑139 delivery delays within 30 days. Agencies must answer CRS/CBO in 14 days initially and fully in 90 days, and publish certain board decisions online starting October 1, 2026.

Faster passport renewals with IT pilots

The State Department must test at least three IT systems within 180 days to speed passport renewals. The pilots aim to cut processing time and reduce reliance on old systems. If successful, renewals should move faster for travelers.

Funding to destroy chemical weapons

FY2025 funds are authorized to destroy lethal chemical agents and munitions, as listed in section 4501. This supports safety and environmental risk reduction under long‑standing law.

Intel hiring and threat‑sharing plans

The DNI must create a plan in 180 days to recruit more people from U.S. territories and brief Congress. The DNI must also deliver a strategy to share threat information on critical minerals and energy projects, with an implementation plan due 30 days after the strategy is done.

Intelligence exchanges and funding tools

Private‑public exchanges with the intelligence community can now last up to 5 years and focus on areas like AI, biotech, and cybersecurity. Private employees on detail cannot access their company’s trade secrets. Inspectors general for covered intelligence elements are confirmed as proper channels for protected disclosures. DoD’s commercial‑activity authority for intelligence is extended to December 31, 2028, with CIA coordination. DoD also gets permanent authority to spend certain Military Intelligence Program funds for confidential or emergency needs, with a raised $200,000 delegation cap and annual reports due by December 31.

More checks on prepositioned stockpiles

Within 90 days, the Navy and Air Force must improve inspection plans for prepositioned stockpiles. Inspections must begin within 30 days after plans finish and occur at least twice a year for three years. Each service must brief Congress within 120 days and then every 180 days for three years.

More reporting on CENTCOM threats

DoD and State must assess space and satellite security in the CENTCOM region and report within one year. DoD must notify Congress within 30 days after finding any new terrorist training site in Afghanistan, for two years. DoD must also notify within 30 days when Iran transfers weapons abroad, for three years. Work to improve Middle East partner data‑sharing needs a protection plan, and a public report is due within 180 days.

More tools against trafficking abroad

The State Department and its Diplomatic Security Service can investigate human trafficking cases that happen partly outside the U.S. or involve foreign nationals. The Secretary must report within one year and annually for three years on cases opened, referrals, results, and resources. This authority ends three years after enactment.

Navy unmanned subs and reload at sea

The Navy must run a large unmanned underwater vehicle demo by June 1, 2025 and report by September 1, 2025. The test checks autonomy, control, navigation, endurance, and costs using FY2025 funds. The Navy must also deliver a plan in 180 days to load MK‑41 missile canisters at sea, with a 90‑day early briefing. The plan must hit capability within three years and include milestones, costs, and work with allies.

New blast safety rules for weapons

Within two years, DoD must set performance limits to reduce harmful blast pressure in new weapon systems. New contracts after that must provide blast measurements and safety data when limits are exceeded. Test plans for new systems must include blast testing and data collection.

New conservation foundation and grants

The State Department must establish a U.S. Foundation for International Conservation within 180 days and seek 501(c)(3) status. The foundation funds protected areas in eligible countries, files a 3‑year plan, and sends annual updates. A grant program bars land purchases, requires vetting and clawback rules, sets environmental safeguards, and adds an ombudsman and an independent accountability system with a public comment period. The foundation ends 10 years after it becomes operational.

New push to organize cyber forces

DoD must ask the National Academies within 90 days to study how to best organize U.S. cyber forces and brief Congress after the study. Within 180 days, DoD starts a Hackathon Program with at least four events each year and pays participants per diem. DoD also starts a review within 90 days to better align human readiness with tech readiness in major programs and must brief Congress within 180 days.

Northern Border Mission Center opens

DHS must set up a Northern Border Mission Center within one year, collocated with Border Patrol, Air and Marine, and a Coast Guard air station. It improves domain awareness, intelligence, training, and quick‑reaction support along the northern border. DHS must deliver an initial report within 180 days of opening and annual reports after. The section ends October 1, 2027 and authorizes no extra funds.

Nuclear warhead plan and senior lead

U.S. Strategic Command must send Congress a plan within one year, and then every two years through 2031, to keep at least 1,550 deployed warheads from January 1, 2028 to January 1, 2036. The law also creates an Assistant Secretary to oversee nuclear, chemical, and biological defense policy and programs.

Plan for PLA threats and Taiwan risks

Within 270 days, DoD must deliver a transregional strategy to coordinate commands against malign PLA activities and name a liaison in each command except Indo‑Pacific. The State Department and Treasury must regularly consult with the EU and partners on sanctions options if China takes hostile actions against Taiwan. The President must report within one year on expected economic impacts of a 30‑day and 180‑day blockade of Taiwan.

Regular U.S.–Africa Leaders Summit funded

The President holds a U.S.–Africa Leaders Summit within one year and then every two years. State sets up a unit to plan, track, and report progress every quarter. Congress authorizes $28 million for FY2025 and $14 million each year for FY2026–2029. These sums stay available for three years.

Report attempts to enter U.S. bases

DoD must brief Congress within 180 days and then yearly through 2027 on any cases where an alien or foreign actor tried to enter or entered a U.S. base without approval. Each case must include immigration status, country of origin, method and date of entry, intent, criminal background, and other investigation details.

Reports on autonomous weapons approvals

By December 31, 2025, and every year through December 31, 2029, DoD must report on lethal autonomous weapon systems. Reports list systems approved and waived, systems under review, and those not approved. They are unclassified with an optional classified annex.

Space comms pilot and commercial use

Starting in FY2025, Space Systems Command runs a pilot that blends military, allied, and commercial satellite links. It must include at least one military system and brief Congress within 180 days with a plan to transition. After each President’s budget for 2026–2029, the Space Force must brief Congress within 10 days. Those briefings must show what share of funds go to commercial solutions, how commercial systems fit into operations, and contract details.

Stronger clearance and classified site rules

Background‑check systems must meet tougher NIST security standards within 180 days or explain why not. Congress gets anonymized, machine‑readable data on polygraph wait times to monitor vetting speed. DoD must create a plan in 270 days to prioritize reviews and accredit off‑base SCIFs and classified networks.

Stronger DoD cloud and mobile security

Within 180 days, DoD must issue a cybersecurity plan for its multi‑cloud systems that aligns with Zero Trust and improves cost transparency and training. Within 270 days, DoD must report on mobile cybersecurity tools and whether to buy them. A DoD demonstration of wideband adaptive signal processing finishes by November 30, 2025 to test sharing transmit and receive on the same band. These steps strengthen security and guide future buys.

Stronger oversight of intel and mishaps

DoD must name a civilian Senior Intelligence Oversight Official with access to needed information and direct access to top leaders. DoD must update its rules to match this law. The law also defines “major mishap” incidents of $500,000,000 or more and requires a two‑star general or rear admiral to lead those investigations. DoD should aim to finish within one year, brief Congress every 90 days while open, and report accountability actions every 120 days after completion.

Stronger rules for DoD phones and apps

The law tightens mobile security for Defense devices. Within 180 days, DoD must propose guidance, define risky app categories, and build an annual risk framework. The CIO must brief by April 30, 2025, and file annual public reports listing at least 10 apps of concern through December 31, 2027. Within 120 days, the State Department must issue standards to protect official devices from foreign spyware and notify Congress within 60 days after any serious compromise. Ransomware against critical infrastructure is now a national intelligence priority, and an unclassified report to Congress is due within 180 days.

Training and intel support with Israel

Starting January 1 after enactment, DoD must hold at least one subterranean warfare exercise each year and invite allies and partners. Invitations may include Israel if its government agrees. Exercises may practice finding, mapping, and neutralizing tunnels if resources allow. DoD can also support Israel with defense intelligence and advice, with briefings to Congress every 90 days. This authority ends two years after enactment.

Work with allies on AI and AUKUS tech

DoD must start a multilateral AI working group with allies within 90 days to improve testing, data handling, and shared research. The group runs through September 30, 2028 unless extended. U.S. AUKUS coordinators must meet Japan within 180 days to review export controls and cybersecurity and find ways to work together on advanced tech. They must brief Congress within 30 days after that engagement.

Yearly test of missile defenses together

Each year, DoD must run at least one flight or intercept test proving Patriot, Aegis, AN/TPY‑2, and THAAD work together. A waiver is allowed only with a written explanation to Congress.

Civilians can support wildfire response

DoD can hire cleared civilians and groups to help the National Guard run FireGuard wildfire missions. Written agreements must spell out roles, timelines, and hand‑offs. A report to Congress is due within 90 days on how effective the program is and how to share unclassified remote‑sensing information.

Plan to secure DoD drug supplies

The Defense Department must plan to secure safe, high‑quality medicines and reduce supply risks. The plan checks where drugs and ingredients come from, explores domestic or Trade Agreements‑compliant sources, and studies whether a DoD‑owned facility is feasible, with multi‑year budget needs. A briefing to Congress is due within 180 days.

Better hiring and assignments in government

Within 90 days, the Intelligence Community sets a plan to recruit service members leaving the military with top‑secret clearances and to accept technical training in place of a degree when allowed. Within 180 days, agencies deliver a targeted civil‑service hiring strategy to fill vacancies. Within 18 months, the State Department modernizes Foreign Service assignments, adds transparency and audits, and considers stable‑pair matching.

Expanded intel and geospatial education ties

DoD launches a geospatial workforce pilot near certain NGA sites, funds training, and limits participation to U.S. citizens through September 30, 2030. The National Intelligence University can accept competitive research grants and use its appropriations to pursue them. Agencies work to expand partnerships with HBCUs and Sub‑Saharan African schools, and can give HBCUs technical help and feedback on rejected grants.

Maritime jobs outreach campaign

The Navy must hire a contractor within one year to run a three‑year campaign for maritime careers. The campaign targets veterans and students and points workers to training financial aid. The Navy reports to Congress quarterly and files a final report within 180 days after the campaign ends.

More academy exchanges and JROTC units

Service academies can expand international engagement from 60 to 80. Starting October 1, 2026, DoD must support 3,500 to 4,100 JROTC units, up by 100 at both the floor and ceiling.

More funding for junior officer programs

The State Department gets $20 million each year from FY2025 through FY2031 to support Junior Professional Officers and related roles at multilateral bodies. The money stays available until spent. The Secretary must notify Congress 15 days before using the funds.

New training pilots for readiness

The Army must add moving robotic targets to live‑fire training at three or more bases within 180 days and run the pilot for five years. DoD can also run a short international education and exchange pilot on nuclear deterrence and strategy, which ends December 31, 2027. These efforts aim to boost training realism and strategic knowledge.

Staffing and training plans for intel agencies

The CIA must, within 90 days, give Congress a plan to fully staff all authorized civilian jobs in the Directorate of Operations by September 30, 2025 and assess the balance with Analysis. The Energy Department’s intelligence office must set a standard counterintelligence training plan and cost estimate for personnel who handle sensitive technologies and brief Congress within 90 days.

Staffing safeguards for military technicians

For FY2025, the law sets minimum dual‑status military technician counts: Army National Guard 22,294; Army Reserve 6,492; Air National Guard 10,744; Air Force Reserve 6,697. Temporary technicians may be at most 25% of the total. States cannot force technicians to accept realignment or conversion or punish them for refusing.

Stronger science and tech jobs at DoD labs

DoD must appoint a civilian Digital Engineering Officer by April 30, 2025 to define AI jobs, set qualifications, and update workforce plans, with the role ending September 30, 2030. The department must update its digital engineering plan within 90 days and brief Congress within 240 days. DARPA can detail staff to military departments for up to one year, extendable by six months, to help move technology into use. A permanent program creates expert panels to improve lab workforce, facilities, research strategy, and governance, with rules to give lab directors more flexibility.

Advanced manufacturing site in Indo‑Pacific

Within 180 days, DoD establishes an advanced manufacturing facility on or near an Indo‑Pacific Command base. It must support submarine and shipbuilding needs, maintain five‑axis machining, use modern additive methods, and partner with industry and schools. DoD must report by December 1 of the year after the facility opens.

DARPA tests quantum capabilities

DARPA must run a Quantum Benchmarking Initiative to verify and validate progress toward useful quantum computing for DoD. It will define military use cases, work with labs and investors, and link teams to manufacturing support.

Faster cloud approvals and tracking

DoD must set a policy in 180 days to accept prior security reviews for cloud platforms at the same classification level. A digital directory of authorizing officials is due in 270 days. By October 15, 2025, and every six months after, DoD must report all covered cloud contracts and off‑contract cloud use; this reporting ends December 31, 2030.

Faster defense buying and hiring

The law lets the Pentagon delegate more buying power and use a special fund to buy and field commercial tech faster. It extends pilot hiring and personnel tools through 2030–2031 to fill key acquisition and test‑range jobs. Navy “short‑term” ship work now covers up to 12 months, which can change project assignments. A defense consortium must certify new materials for flight‑critical parts and plan a deployable 3D‑printing repair system. DoD must also give stronger manpower justifications with recruiting shortfall data when asking Congress for end‑strength.

Faster spectrum auctions and port decisions

The FCC must run AWS‑3 spectrum auctions within 18 months and complete them, including payments and licenses, even if some auction authority lapses. The government must also decide eligible amended natural gas deepwater port applications within 270 days after they are deemed complete under strict criteria. These moves speed decisions for wireless and energy projects.

Faster, clearer military construction projects

DoD elements can award reimbursable construction contracts to other DoD elements, and the awardee may include up to 10% for contingency costs. Design funds for directed projects must be put on contract within 150 days, and for projects under $150 million, at least 35% of design must be done within 240 days of award, or DoD must report delays to Congress. For FY2025–FY2030, joint bases must submit detailed and ranked construction and repair project lists with budget materials.

Maritime standards and ship design push

DOT must finish a sealift vessel design so construction can start in FY2025, with contracts for up to 10 ships if funded. The Navy must set open, vendor‑neutral standards for maritime unmanned systems within 180 days. DOT will publish an independent study on the Shanghai Shipping Exchange’s market influence within two years of enactment (one year to contract, one year to report).

Navy shipbuilding oversight and testing

The Navy must adopt key GAO design practices to improve delivery times. The DDG(X) program must fully test at least two full‑scale propulsion motor options with at least 40 megawatts of reserve power. The Navy must update planning and brief Congress quarterly on major shipyard projects to prevent cost overruns. The deadline to add advanced degaussing systems to Arleigh Burke destroyers moves from FY2025 to FY2028.

New funding for defense research and oversight

The law authorizes FY2025 Army research funding, including about $311 million for Defense Research Sciences, $78 million for University Research Initiatives, and $111 million for University and Industry Research Centers, plus about $1.02 billion for applied research. It authorizes FY2025 funding for the Defense Inspector General as listed in the Act. It also authorizes $2 million in FY2026 to implement certain sanctions. The Air Force may use life‑of‑program contracts for Mark 21A heat shield materials and processing.

Nuclear security projects move forward

NNSA plant projects are funded in FY2025: $25 million for PULSE New Access (Nevada), $48.5 million for a safety and quality building at Los Alamos (New Mexico), and $45 million for Naval Reactors work in Idaho.

Stockpiles of uniforms and gear

DoD can set up pre‑positioned stocks of finished textiles like uniforms and protective gear. The Secretary must plan how to phase them in and reduce delays, so items are ready when needed.

Stricter shipbuilding checks and buying tools

First‑ship builds face tighter checks: certification 15 days before start, at least 95% of basic drawings finalized, and clearer rules on when construction starts. The Navy can use economic‑order‑quantity buys for parts and systems on covered amphibious ships to lower costs and improve planning. Icebreakers and special‑mission ships now count as auxiliary ships for new contracts unless the Navy certifies engine sales stay above a set minimum. Items previously bought under commercial procedures generally count as commercial, speeding buys, unless specific exceptions apply.

Battery and critical materials push

DoD must coordinate a battery strategy and brief Congress within 180 days; a final report is due by September 30, 2026. Recycled and reused minerals now count in strategic‑materials preferences. By April 15, 2025, DoD must send a plan to fix stockpile shortfalls, with milestones for military needs by December 31, 2027 and essential civilian needs by December 31, 2029.

Bigger project cap for defense labs

The Defense Laboratory Modernization Program now allows projects up to $4,000,000 each. The previous per‑project level was $1,000,000. This lets labs take on larger upgrades.

Inflation relief for defense contracts extended

The temporary authority to adjust certain contracts for inflation effects now runs through December 31, 2025. This keeps a tool in place for covered contract modifications.

More capital tools for defense tech

DoD will run a National Security Capital Forum to connect investors, companies, and officials, with vetting rules set within 180 days. The Air Force creates an Office of Expanded Competition to spot risky foreign capital and prioritize critical tech investments. The Office of Strategic Capital starts a pilot to offer loans, loan guarantees, and technical help to eligible firms; loans can run up to 50 years, and this authority ends October 1, 2028. DoD also seeks a U.S.-Israel defense innovation partnership to grow markets and leverage private capital.

More training for DoD and industry

DoD expands the Digital On‑Demand program to all services and civilian employees and reports progress through 2029. A new field training program coaches teams through acquisition and sustainment, with up to 80 hours of continuing‑education credit and pilots in fiscal year 2025. DoD also launches a workforce strategy within 180 days to build skilled manufacturing and trade talent, with regular briefings through 2032. DoD exchange participants at private software firms may now perform budgeting and financial tasks.

Easier pricing and transition for defense buys

Contracting officers can test a new way to judge prices from nontraditional defense contractors through September 30, 2029. The law clearly defines follow‑on production awards after successful prototypes, allowing them within the original deal or as separate awards. The Navy will hire a research center to review ship‑repair price differentials and report by September 30, 2025. A working group will speed military eVTOL efforts into programs, meet twice a year, and report each September through 2027.

Pilots to grow reentry‑system vendors

The Army, Navy, or Air Force can run pilots that include reentry vehicles and systems to expand the pool of operationally qualified vendors. Pilots must coordinate with DoD research leaders and the Missile Defense Agency. Agencies must brief Congress twice a year while these pilots run.

Stronger supply chains for drones and ships

DoD must map and reduce risks in the small‑drone supply chain. It must take apart and analyze foreign commercial drones within 90 days and every three years until 2034, build a risk framework in 150 days, and a full resiliency plan in 180 days, then report in 270 days. The Navy must also report on surface‑ship suppliers within 180 days and every year through September 30, 2029. If a supplier base is at risk, the Navy must include a plan to stabilize it.

Selective Service shares more contact info

Starting 120 days after enactment, the Selective Service must furnish fuller registrant data. Records include full name, date of birth, and mailing address. Email and phone numbers must also be shared if available.

Lower retired pay for some O-8s

If you served temporarily as O‑9 or O‑10 but retire as O‑8, your retired pay is set to the lower of two legal calculations. This rule applies now and may reduce retired pay for the affected group.

TRICARE bars some care for minors

TRICARE does not cover medical treatments for gender dysphoria that could cause sterilization for anyone under 18. This rule takes effect now.

TRICARE dental upgrades delayed to 2027

Planned TRICARE Dental Program improvements start one year later. The new start date is January 1, 2027, and related rules and briefings also shift one year.

FY2025 bans on select DoD spending

FY2025 NNSA funds cannot be used for low‑enriched uranium naval fuel research until required agency determinations are sent to Congress. FY2025 DoD funds cannot be used to build or support a temporary pier in Gaza. FY2025 DoD funds cannot go, directly or indirectly, to EcoHealth Alliance, its affiliates, or the Wuhan Institute of Virology.

Limits on nuclear treaty and warheads

For fiscal year 2025, DoD money cannot pay for New START treaty data, notifications, inspections, or telemetry unless top officials certify a waiver. FY2025 NNSA funds cannot retire or reconvert the W76‑2 warhead unless leaders certify Russia and China lack similar weapons and DoD has no need. The Air Force cannot change Global Strike Command’s roles until a report due by April 30, 2025; that limit ends 90 days after the report is sent.

Stronger procurement security and ethics rules

Starting June 30, 2026, DoD cannot buy or operate LiDAR made or run by companies tied to China, Iran, North Korea, or Russia, with narrow waivers and mission exceptions. Agencies must also provide written justifications for conflict‑of‑interest waivers, and only an agency’s deputy head or higher can approve them.

Stricter DoD contracting with adversaries

The Defense Department tightens who it can buy from. Starting June 30, 2026, DoD cannot contract with companies tied to lobbyists for listed Chinese military firms unless a waiver is issued. DoD also may not contract with shipyards found to be owned, controlled, or influenced by a foreign adversary. A report can trigger a ban on foreign‑made unmanned ground vehicles from China, Russia, Iran, or North Korea one year after the report, with narrow national‑interest exceptions. DoD also cannot buy solar products made in Xinjiang or other areas linked to forced labor.

Tighter limits on some defense production

For major‑system development on cost‑reimbursement contracts, only one low‑rate production lot may use fixed‑price options unless a senior waiver is granted. The Missile Defense Agency cannot fund full production programs for satellites or related ground systems; it can approve prototype satellites only with Space Acquisition Council concurrence and a report to Congress before funds are obligated.

Stricter supplier rules, higher fraud risks

Defense rules now count more indirect owners and affiliates as tied to covered foreign military entities, even if they only sell into the U.S. The government raises some overseas contracting bar tests, while lowering one performance test from 80% to 65%. Agencies can bring administrative false claims cases up to $1,000,000 per claim, with inflation updates, and must report cases twice a year. Businesses face tighter screening and bigger penalties if they defraud programs.

Stronger protections in military medical claims

Expert opinions in military medical malpractice claims must come from a board‑certified specialist, or a highly qualified expert when certification does not apply. DoD medical records must show the employer or organization of any independent contractor who treated you. The Defense Department must issue rules for civilian financial relief after care at military hospitals; most claims pause until the rule is in place, except claims to insurers and some agency administrative claims.

Foreign Service pay, travel, and leases

Locality pay for eligible Foreign Service members is limited so it cannot exceed two‑thirds of the District of Columbia amount. Chiefs of mission must arrive within 60 days after Senate confirmation to get initial travel pay, with listed exceptions and waivers. Foreign Service members posted in the U.S. can now end residential or car leases and phone contracts under existing protections. The pet‑transport exception under the Fly America rules now covers USAID and other chief‑of‑mission employees.

More flexible service and legal education

If you get a military scholarship, your service obligation is set by the Secretary but cannot be less than twice the training length, and it can run at the same time as some other obligations. The services can fund more legal education: up to 25 funded students per department each year (35 per year for the first three years), plus unfunded details that do not count against the cap. Funded training carries extra service time, and full‑time students keep their pay and allowances.

Stricter benchmarks for enlistment prep

If you attend the Future Servicemember Preparatory Course, you must raise your AFQT score by at least 10 points over your last pre‑enlistment score. You must show progress within 90 days of enlistment, not 180 days. Meeting the standard can remove certain enlistment restrictions.

New rules for DoD contracts and protests

The Defense Department must update its innovators repository at least quarterly and show initial and later award dates. If a contracting officer unilaterally definitizes your contract, you can appeal to the Armed Services Board or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. The streamlined awards pilot can use multiyear, block, and multi‑ship buys and now runs through October 1, 2029. The task‑order protest threshold rises to $35,000,000, and GAO must propose new pleading standards and cost benchmarks within 180 days.

Base construction and resilience rules change

DoD can now do more stormwater and shoreline projects on and near bases, with a coordinator named and priorities to cut runoff and protect roads. In the Indo‑Pacific, the minor construction cap rises to $30,000,000 per project and can include buying land; the Army can buy land at up to 200% of the usual limit through February 1, 2026 for caisson horse welfare. The Joint Base Anacostia‑Bolling solar carports project adds a 1.0‑MW battery, with a total of $40,650,000. Air Force project totals are capped at the amounts in the Act’s funding table, and FY2021 Guard/Reserve project authorizations are extended until October 1, 2025 (or FY2026 MILCON enactment).

Cyber and space security checks

For FY2025, no more than 95% of Joint Cyber Warfighting Architecture funds can be spent until Cyber Command delivers a transition plan with a 12–18 month stabilization timeline and a successor plan. If foreign attempts to disrupt U.S. critical national security space assets keep happening, U.S. Space Command must send a combined monthly notice to Congress by the 10th day of the next month. Within one year, a national security agency must decide if DJI or Autel equipment poses an unacceptable risk; if not, the FCC must add it to its covered list, or add it within 30 days after a risk determination.

Limits on DHS intelligence interviews

Funds in this law cannot be used by DHS Intelligence and Analysis to interview people who are charged or detained for intelligence collection unless they consent after consulting a lawyer. DHS may not target journalists for their reporting, and must have reason to believe a U.S. person has significant foreign intelligence before interviewing. The law also blocks increasing staff who focus mostly on domestic terrorism in a specific open‑source unit above prior levels.

More oversight of secrets and clearances

New secret programs cannot spend National Intelligence Program funds until Congress gets the required notice. Before moving capabilities between secret programs, the agency head must notify Congress, with narrow urgent exceptions. Reports on transfers to Taiwan may be sent in classified form. The DNI must set rules in 180 days on which former appointees may keep clearances and send annual lists through December 31, 2029. When a covered official’s clearance is suspended or revoked, agencies must give Congress more detail, including job status and reasons. Monthly cross‑domain incident reports end after December 31, 2025.

Protections and tools for national security staff

DoD and USAID can pay for or reimburse security services for at‑risk employees and household members, like home cameras or help reducing online exposure, once each agency sets policy. You can report classified information to an Inspector General under agency security rules, and it counts as authorized. Intelligence elements can support flexible “hoteling” work by sharing goods and services without reimbursement with approvals. State and USAID must authorize secure tech tools for employees and use them to improve work. The State IG will review chiefs of mission at posts and share serious findings with rating officials, and State must finish electronic medical records for Foreign Service families by December 31, 2027 with regular progress reports.

Space launches tied to ground readiness

A Space Force satellite cannot launch unless ground systems are ready so its capabilities work on day one. The Air Force Secretary can waive this for national security and must notify Congress within 10 days. Through October 1, 2030, Kwajalein test infrastructure is treated as part of the Army test base, and Defense must consult the Army on infrastructure, workforce, and IT needs.

Stronger justice and victim protections

Commands must keep military domestic violence victims informed, and can notify their lawyer if the victim asks. Marriage is no longer a defense to certain sexual offenses under Article 120b. Starting after January 1, 2025, special trial counsel may take certain standalone sexual harassment cases that happened between January 26, 2022 and January 1, 2025, but only if a formal complaint is substantiated.

Temporary Army CI arrest authority

For four years after enactment, certain Army counterintelligence special agents can execute warrants and make arrests. DoD must report and brief Congress within one year and each year through 2028 on how the authority is used. This broadens law‑enforcement tools with added oversight.

Tighter sanctions and anti-corruption actions

The law blocks Defense funds from going to the Government of Iran, its controlled entities, and anyone on U.S. sanctions lists. A federal Foundation cannot support governments that backed terrorism, were flagged under key human‑rights laws, or failed the corruption test within the last three years. The Rewards for Justice program now pays for help seizing or returning stolen assets tied to foreign government corruption.

Guard and Reserve staffing and careers

The law sets FY2025 Selected Reserve end strengths and caps full‑time support numbers for each component. The National Guard Bureau must give Congress 60 days’ notice before changing a State’s Guard force structure. Reserve officers in certain specialties can be kept on the reserve active‑status list longer, up to 40 years of commissioned service.

DoD energy buying rules shift

The law repeals a limit on buying "drop‑in" fuels. DoD must report each year when it buys drop‑in fuel that is not cost‑competitive and if it was a military need. During fiscal year 2025, DoD cannot finalize or carry out the specific FAR rule on minimizing climate risk in federal purchases.

Extra review when Navy cuts ships

If the Navy’s plan proposes fewer battle force ships than the last plan, the Defense Department must brief Congress within 15 days. The briefing must list each ship with no requested funds, prior‑year funding, expected changes in shipyard work, and changes in subcontractor materials. This increases transparency around shipbuilding reductions.

Faster buys, sturdier defense supply chains

DoD must use rapid acquisition paths for projects that finish in 2–5 years, with requirements approved within six months. It can reverse engineer parts when data or rights are missing under set conditions and must improve F‑35 spare‑parts tracking. Contractors face new policies by April 1, 2026 to monitor their full supply chains, while DoD plans to move commercially stored inventory back to DoD warehouses and report on progress. DoD also must analyze drug supply risks and update its guidance. These changes speed buying and boost resilience, but add monitoring duties for vendors.

Industrial base support and smarter buying

The Defense Department boosts support for the energetics office with a dedicated budget line starting in FY2027. GOGO facilities become eligible for Army production support by rule within 180 days. DoD may accept industrial equipment upgrades as in‑kind lease payments when title passes to the government. Nontraditional subcontractors can use recent price history instead of full cost data for subcontracts at $5 million or less. DoD avoids lowest‑price‑only awards for munitions response services. DoD can buy some strategic materials from “qualifying foreign governments.” From January 1, 2026 to January 1, 2029, DoD prefers U.S.‑made stainless steel flatware and dinnerware. Approval rules for Other Transaction prototypes are clarified and cannot be delegated.

Merit-based rules for funding tables

Money listed in funding tables can only be spent if appropriated. Awards tied to those tables must use merit‑based or competitive procedures and follow the law. Moving funds does not count against transfer caps unless shifting between accounts. The rule also applies to classified annexes, and no outside communications can override the statute.

More oversight of DoD cyber and data

For FY2025, the Mission Partner Environment program cannot spend more than 90% of its funds until a certified plan is in place, with annual briefings through 2030. Contractors working in or for China must quickly notify and share vulnerability reports and records with DoD. DoD components can buy cyber data outside the central office with a written justification. Within one year, DoD must publish open interface standards unless the Secretary approves an exception. Supply chain risk decisions must include a summary of the risk assessment and required consultations.

Ongoing DLA support for contractors

The DLA distribution pilot becomes a permanent program. Storage and shipping help must use separate DLA support contracts that follow revolving‑fund rules. Eligible contractors must be told about available services. Using a support contract does not excuse performance on the main contract. Congress gets briefings starting April 1, 2025, then yearly for five years on costs and results.

Defense contracting limits and relief

Shipbuilding fixed‑price contracts that include design and construction are capped at two ships unless waived with a design‑complete certification. Earned value thresholds rise: EVMS is required at $50 million and an approved EVMS at $100 million, reducing compliance on smaller contracts. DoD may keep using its reimbursement rate for some non‑DoD transport through October 1, 2026.

When military construction starts or ends

Construction and family‑housing titles take effect on the later of October 1, 2024 or enactment. Many military construction and housing authorizations expire on the later of October 1, 2027 or when Congress passes a FY2028 MilCon law, unless funds are obligated earlier. Prior‑year project authorities are extended until October 1, 2025 or until a FY2026 MilCon law passes, whichever is later.

Build U.S. defense industry and sourcing

DoD must deliver a plan within 120 days for private production of selected munitions, and pick 2–4 munitions by June 1, 2025. Buy America rules now apply to Shipyard Modernization and Improvement funds. Within one year, DLA sets policy for very large into‑plane fuel contracts, which may include factors like storage capacity and staffing.

Conflict checks in fuel contracts

DoD must brief Congress and certify within 30 days that there is no conflict of interest when a contractor both supplies fuel and manages fuel finances. On and after June 1, 2025, DoD cannot spend FY2025 funds on such a contract until Congress gets the briefing and certification. The goal is to protect price‑sensitive information and avoid conflicts.

Contracting thresholds and OTAs extended

DoD stops using a fixed $100 million trigger for certain cost‑data rules and now ties it to another statute. Other Transaction Authority timelines extend to September 30, 2030, and facility repair projects are excluded from a prior OTA requirement. The law also lengthens a recruiting contract certification period from one year to two years.

New rules and standby deals for space firms

The Air Force keeps a watch list of space contractors with poor performance or security risks. Companies on the list generally cannot get new space work unless a written “compelling reason” is filed and Congress is notified. The law also creates a Commercial Augmentation Space Reserve. U.S. space companies can sign contracts to provide extra space services when needed, if they meet security rules. DoD will study commercial insurance for these services and report within one year.

Arlington caisson services and reports

While caisson services are paused, the Army must report to Congress every quarter on requested and delayed funerals. Once the stables are renovated and the horse herd is fully ready, Arlington must hold at least 20 funerals with caisson services each week. A fully ready herd means four caisson squads of 11 horses, 14 caparison horses, and four outreach horses.

Easier access to appellate defense

If you are an accused service member, the Judge Advocate General must send your trial record to an appellate defense counsel. If you ask in writing, that counsel must be assigned to represent you before the Court of Criminal Appeals.

Inclusive playgrounds for EFMP families

The Defense Department must deliver a plan by March 1, 2026 to build inclusive playgrounds for families in the Exceptional Family Member Program. The plan will pick sites, including one base per service with many EFMP families, and estimate costs. The pilot starts only 180 days after the plan and after money is set aside.

Letter clearing records after wrongful detention

When a U.S. national returns after being wrongfully detained abroad, the President must issue a letter declaring the detention invalid. This helps with background checks and records that might show the detention or a conviction.

VA cemetery grants protect more burials

VA cannot deny a cemetery grant just because a State, county, or tribe allows burial of certain eligible people under 38 U.S.C. 2402(a)(8) or (10). When asked, VA must decide eligibility and can give written determinations for grantees to rely on.

Easier passport services and options

More people can serve as passport acceptance agents, including authorized notaries who work for reputable companies. The State Department expands hand‑carry courier options and posts contact info online. Starting 180 days after enactment, new or renewed passports can expire on your birth date. The agency must add automated, rules‑based renewal tools within 4 years, while keeping human review. A new privacy consent on DS‑11/DS‑82 is optional.

Protects DoD employee personal data

Contractors cannot sell, license, or transfer identifiable DoD employee data they obtained. The Secretary can waive this only for national security after reviewing privacy risks. DoD must report any waivers each year starting January 15, 2026 for four years.

Travel advisories printed on passports

The State Department must include travel advisory information on all U.S. passports. You will see this information on your passport. This requirement takes effect now.

Faster, easier passport renewals

The State Department modernizes passport systems and expands online renewal. A plan is due within one year. Most tools roll out over four years, with contractors finishing within two years of award. First‑time adult applicants still verify identity in person.

Easier applications for childcare subsidies

Within 90 days, agencies must publish guidance on how to apply for needs‑based childcare subsidies. They should allow year‑round applications or accept them during qualifying life events. This makes it easier for parents to time and submit applications.

More father‑focused help on OneSource

Military OneSource now includes information on programs that encourage fathers to engage with their families. Military families can find these resources online today.

Stronger oversight of military meals

DoD must implement GAO’s military food and nutrition recommendations or explain to Congress within 18 months why any were not done. This aims to improve meal quality and nutrition for service members.

Toll‑free VA benefits helpline

VA keeps a toll‑free Benefits Helpline to answer questions on any VA benefit or service. Callers can speak with a live person or be directed to the right VA office. VA may use a contractor to route calls.

Broader license use for DoD vets

Department of Defense veterinarians can now use their state licenses more broadly, not just in emergencies. This removes the emergency‑only limit and takes effect immediately.

Competency records when you separate

When you separate or retire, your service gives you a standardized record of your training and certifications. DoD must create the format and rules within one year and report to Congress within two years on how useful it is to States and employers.

Easier federal hiring for veterans

If you are a veteran and your draft registration requirement ended due to age, not registering no longer blocks you from federal appointment. You must show proof of active duty service to the hiring agency.

Faculty keep copyright in scholarship

Civilian faculty at listed defense and maritime institutions own the copyright in scholarly works they create for publication. The government can require a royalty‑free, nonexclusive license to use the work for government purposes. This rule takes effect now.

Faster answers on contractor reprisals

If you file a reprisal complaint as a contractor employee, the agency head must notify you in writing within 30 days after getting the Inspector General’s report. If the agency later changes the decision, it must notify you within 30 days of that change. This speeds updates and improves transparency.

More access to JROTC and recruiters

Job Corps centers can host or join JROTC programs. JROTC must keep a priority waiting list and consider how long schools have waited. One year after enactment, school districts that get federal aid must give military recruiters the same campus access as other employers for students age 17 or older.

NNSA commuter shuttles for contractors

NNSA contractors can run voluntary shuttles between covered facilities and mass transit if it aids the mission. NNSA can reimburse contractors for costs. Plans should use alternative‑fuel vehicles when possible, and shuttle time does not count as hours worked.

Stronger DODEA school rules for families

Every DODEA school now has an advisory committee with equal parent and employee members. Parents must be told if a third‑grader is not reading at grade level. By December 31, 2025, DODEA will allow teachers at overseas schools to transfer to other overseas schools under a new policy.

Training for DoD school teachers

Teachers in DoD 21st Century schools must complete specialized training. New or returning teachers finish it before teaching. Current teachers complete it within 180 days, and at least once every three years after. Topics include classroom space use, student relationships, academic rigor, and social‑emotional support.

USAID overseas contractors not federal employees

USAID can hire people or groups by contract to work abroad, and they are not federal employees just because of the contract. The USAID Administrator can decide which U.S. laws apply to those contractors in each case. Contracts can be made and performed abroad when needed.

AI use keeps human control of nukes

The law says AI can aid early warning and planning but must not raise risks to strategic assets. It keeps the rule that the President must take a positive human action before using nuclear weapons.

Army can modernize recruiting in 2025

During FY2025, the Army may set a recruiting specialty, build a professional recruiting force, focus efforts in high‑yield areas, and use commercial platforms. The Secretary must brief Congress each quarter on progress and needs.

Army real estate tool extended

The Army extends its pilot online real estate inventory tool by one year, to September 30, 2026. This gives property managers more time to test and improve the tool.

Broader protection and better suicide data

DoD can provide physical protection outside the U.S. and delegate authority to the Under Secretary for Intelligence and Security. Temporary protection is allowed for up to 30 days while decisions are made, with updated written findings and twice‑yearly reporting when protection continues. DoD suicide reporting runs through January 31, 2031 and must break out data by job specialty (when valid), by age, and compare rates across services and to the national rate.

Coast Guard flexible intel spending authority

The Coast Guard Commandant can use up to 1% of the National Intelligence Program each year for confidential or emergency intelligence needs and certify those expenses.

DoD may use foreign security funds

DoD, with State’s agreement, can accept money, equipment, or services from foreign governments for certain security cooperation programs. Money goes to special accounts and stays available for two fiscal years. DoD must notify Congress within 48 hours of receipt and report each year through 2030. This authority ends December 31, 2029.

Electronic notice allowed for some gun transfers

Firearm sellers may send the sworn statement to the local chief law officer by certified mail or verified electronic notice to an address the officer designates. The seller must get proof of delivery or have the mail returned for refusal.

Extended oversight of overseas conflicts

Congress gets Afghanistan briefings by January 15, 2025, then every 120 days through December 31, 2026. These must cover Taliban‑recovered equipment use and readiness. Reports on strikes outside active war zones continue until 2027. The Caesar Syria sanctions law now runs through December 31, 2029.

Faster help for Americans held abroad

Hostage recovery now allows an extra night of lodging, and spending over $250,000 must be reported within 14 days. The State Department reviews possible wrongful detentions every 180 days, tells Congress within 30 days, and notifies families within 30 days after each report. The Secretary of State must decide within 180 days if a detention is unlawful or wrongful, unless a waiver is needed to protect safety or national security.

Faster State HQ fixes; safer leases

The State Department must use existing waivers to speed repairs at the Truman Building, aiming to finish at least 85% by December 31, 2027. GSA will study a Government‑wide security assessment process for high‑security leased adjacent space. A working group starts within 90 days, the report is due in two years, owner data stays non‑public, and no new funds are provided.

Fight invasive beetle on Hawaii bases

DoD must strengthen efforts to control the coconut rhinoceros beetle on Hawaii bases and set up early detection and rapid response. The Navy must brief Congress within 180 days and yearly for three years.

Five‑year plan for Americas’ security

Within 180 days, State must send Congress a five‑year plan to promote security and rule of law in the Western Hemisphere. It must include resources needed, yearly benchmarks, and a public diplomacy plan. State must brief Congress within a year and then every year.

Flag display rules eased for recruiting

DoD rescinds a 2023 flag memo. The military can show the U.S. flag at outreach and recruiting events regardless of size or position, including horizontally, as long as it never touches anything beneath it. This supports recruitment during patriotic and military observances.

Funds for naval petroleum reserves

The law authorizes $13.01 million in FY2025 for naval petroleum reserves activities. The money stays available until spent.

GAO audits and no federal backstop

The Foundation is subject to GAO audits. It must keep principal offices and a legal agent in Washington, DC. The United States is not liable for the Foundation’s debts or court‑ordered damages.

GAO review of faster PPE shipments

GAO will study how PPE moved faster from 2020 to 2022 and report to Congress within two years. The study covers modes, agency roles, safety, coordination, and impacts on other freight.

Grants to keep Iranians online

State must deliver a strategy in 90 days to expand internet access and bypass blackouts in Iran, with an initial update by day 120 and biannual reviews. The law authorizes $15 million for FY2025 and $15 million for FY2026 to the Open Technology Fund for tools and training. New tech funded must pass security audits.

Guard construction updates and bomber move planning

FY2022 National Guard and Reserve construction authorizations stay valid until October 1, 2026, or until FY2027 construction is authorized. The Army may build the Vermont National Guard Readiness Center in Lyndon instead of Bennington. When B‑1 bombers or crews move for construction, the Air Force must plan to protect readiness, avoid concentration risk, use the time for expeditionary training, and consider family travel distance.

International fairs and space deadline extended

Authority for U.S. participation in international fairs and expos now runs through FY2027. A payment deadline tied to the International Space Station moves from December 31, 2025 to December 31, 2030.

Longer pause on some disclosures

A disclosure prohibition now lasts three years instead of one for the covered entities and cases.

Longer wildlife grants and transparency

The Interior Department can award conservation grants for up to five years under listed species laws and updates authorizations to 2025–2029. Interior must report each year on all awards, amounts, countries, and project details. The Foundation must list eligible countries each fiscal year using clear criteria and publish the list within five days.

MCC candidate country rule updated

A country can be an MCC candidate if its income is at or below the World Bank threshold for starting IBRD graduation that year and it is otherwise eligible. A formal waiver or suspension, with notice to Congress, can count toward eligibility. The MCC Board still decides final status.

Military crime now covers tactical advice

Under the UCMJ, it is now a crime to provide military education, training, or tactical advice to covered enemies, not just to give intelligence.

More firefighters at Space Force launches

DoD must keep enough firefighters on duty at Space Force launch sites to protect life and property. It cannot use a risk assessment to cut staffing at those locations.

More funds for Bien Hoa cleanup

The transfer cap for the Bien Hoa dioxin cleanup rises to $30 million for FY2025. This doubles the prior limit for that cleanup effort.

More local, tribal, territorial partnerships

DoD can fund state and local projects that support the defense industrial base and workforce when it helps DoD operations. Tribal governments can now sign the same installation support agreements as states and localities. Tribal mitigation agreements can last up to five years. U.S. territories can partner in federal lab research agreements, and Global Research Watch is extended through September 30, 2035.

More openness on open-source intel tools

Within 90 days, intelligence agencies must send the DNI full budget summaries for open‑source intelligence. The DNI must report to Congress within 120 days. The Army may name a program office to select, buy, and evaluate open‑source intelligence tools across the service.

More oversight of security aid and sales

DoD must notify Congress before giving more than $5,000,000 in humanitarian aid, or within 48 hours if urgent national security demands it. DoD must report within 90 days and then every 120 days on timely delivery of equipment for Kurdish Peshmerga and plans to fix any delays. DoD must contract for a study on creating dedicated foreign military sales contracting capacity, with results due by December 1, 2025.

More transparency on Air Force basing

The Air Force cannot make basing decisions during RAP or POM processes. The Secretary must brief Congress within 90 days and then every quarter on strategic basing actions. If a change would alter a briefed decision, the Secretary must notify Congress within seven days.

Navy land to cities for parks, water

The Navy may convey or lease parcels at Seal Beach to Los Angeles or Lomita for parks or law‑enforcement use, with fair‑market consideration and a 3‑year free interim lease option. Cities must pay admin costs, and land can revert if misused. The Army may transfer the Kay Bailey Hutchison Desalination Plant and a nearby parcel to El Paso Water at fair value, including possible in‑kind consideration like discounted water rates, with reversion if not used as agreed.

New Medical Officer for Marine Corps

The law creates a Medical Officer of the Marine Corps, served by a Navy flag officer at rear admiral (lower half). The officer is exempt from some rank distribution and active‑duty limits.

New Sudan envoy and crisis hires

The President appoints a Special Envoy for Sudan, reporting to the Secretary and ending two years after enactment. The department must brief Congress on staffing within 90 days. USAID may make excepted‑service hires using Transition Initiatives funds to respond to crises and must report within one year and annually for three years on using this authority.

Oakland shoreline cleanup and park transfer

The Army must complete a cleanup study for about 15 acres of former Army shoreline in Oakland. Within one year after that study, it must submit a draft decision document to regulators. The land transfers to the East Bay Regional Park District after all federal and state standards are met.

One more Marine Corps deputy

The number of Marine Corps Deputy Commandants rises from 7 to 8. This change takes effect on enactment.

Plan to boost Army anti-drone weapons

The Army must plan to buy and field more kinetic effectors for systems that defeat small drones and brief Congress by September 30, 2025.

Posthumous medals for two heroes

The President may award the Medal of Honor to Roderick W. Edmonds and the Distinguished Service Cross to William D. Owens, despite normal time limits.

Process to list Chinese military companies

DoD must set procedures to manage the list of Chinese military companies, including how to remove entities. Courts may review classified evidence in private, and the law does not create a new right to sue.

Review AUKUS tech work with Japan

State, with Defense, must report within 180 days on options to work with Japan on AUKUS Pillar Two projects. The report must assess Japan’s export controls, tech security, and cybersecurity, list needed reforms, and recommend forums and scope for cooperation.

Security cooperation authorities extended and expanded

Aid to vetted Syrian groups now runs through December 31, 2025. Support for the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq continues through FY2025. Cyprus is added to a training program, which now runs through December 31, 2027.

Set active-duty and Reserve force sizes

The law sets FY2025 end strengths as of September 30, 2025: Army 442,300; Navy 332,300; Marine Corps 172,300; Air Force 320,000; Space Force 9,800. It also sets full‑time Reserve counts: Army National Guard 30,845; Army Reserve 16,511; Navy Reserve 10,132; Marine Corps Reserve 2,400; Air National Guard 25,982; Air Force Reserve 6,311.

SIGAR ends in 2026 with staff help

SIGAR terminates on January 31, 2026. Employees on enactment get priority job placement help (ICTAP) and can be hired into competitive service without an exam if well qualified. OPM may issue rules. Unused SIGAR funds on February 1, 2026 may go to the State Department Inspector General.

State Department role changes in tech and Belarus

The Regional Technology Officer program moves to the Bureau for Cyberspace and Digital Policy. The Special Envoy for Belarus exists only while the Minsk embassy is closed and oversees the Belarus Affairs Unit.

Stricter process to suspend USAGM grantees

USAGM grantees cannot be suspended or debarred without consulting the CEO and a three‑fourths vote of the Advisory Board. The Board acts as the suspending and debarring official and must follow federal criteria.

Stricter screening of foreign lab visitors

DOE must set a policy to screen visitors and assignees from China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea before they access national labs. The DOE intelligence office gives risk advice and mitigation steps. DOE must report to Congress within 90 days and then every three months on access decisions and any lab actions against advice.

Stronger base utilities and shipyard tech

The law strengthens base infrastructure and energy resilience. DoD can contract with utility owners to upgrade base-only systems, including microgrids at Aberdeen Proving Ground and Joint Base Lewis‑McChord. The Navy must start a pilot within 90 days to test automated inspection tools at one shipyard. DOE can sell in‑kind royalty gas to DoD for the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant to meet its needs. DoD must name coordinators within 90 days to plan Hawaii and Guam/Northern Mariana Islands infrastructure for the next 10 years and notify Congress and Governors within 30 days.

Stronger oversight for space and missile buys

The Air Force must name a Senior Advisor for space command and control within 30 days and notify Congress within 10 days. There will be annual reviews by June 30 and budget briefings through FY2029. The Missile Defense Agency Director is now the technical authority for integrated air and missile defense, with staff limited to no more than twice the 2016 level.

Tighter ethics and oversight in intelligence

The NRO Advisory Board adds conflict‑of‑interest checks, financial disclosures, whistleblower protections, and can have up to eight appointed members; a listed deadline moves to August 31, 2027. When the President gives the DNI extra intelligence tasks, the DNI must immediately notify congressional intelligence committees in writing. The CIA Special Victim Investigator cannot be a current CIA employee at appointment.

Tighter intelligence oversight and whistleblower aid

The law creates a National Intelligence Management Council to coordinate missions and budgets. The DNI must report on intelligence‑community civilians placed on administrative leave in 2024–2026 and notify Congress within 10 days of any DOJ referrals. IGs must help employees file urgent concerns, make credibility decisions within 14 days, and include some former workers and contractors.

Wider counterdrug monitoring authority

Joint Interagency Task Force South can detect and monitor vessels and aircraft carrying illegal drugs inside its operating area, no matter where the drugs are headed. This supports interdiction and public safety.

Government now tracks xylazine too

Agencies now track xylazine alongside illicit fentanyl. Reports and monitoring add xylazine to improve public health and safety tracking.

Stronger crisis drills and travel warnings

State must run overseas crisis tabletop exercises starting within 120 days and at least yearly for three years. A lessons‑learned clearinghouse must be live within 180 days. The government also adds airport and airline warnings for travel to countries flagged for kidnapping or wrongful detention. State must report to Congress within one year on steps taken.

Stronger protection for biometric data

Within 180 days, DoD must update its biometric data policy. Devices must encrypt and protect data. Units must sanitize devices and hard drives before disposal and keep records showing they did so.

Nuclear facilities safety board funding

The Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board is authorized $47.21 million for FY2025. This funds safety oversight at defense nuclear sites.

Stronger travel warnings for Americans

The State Department is authorized $2 million to advertise Level 4 “Do Not Travel” advisories. The ads warn the public about dangerous destinations.

Stronger privacy and medical claim tracking

DoD must study adding psychotherapy diagnoses and treatments to protected communications under military rules, and report to Congress. DoD must study whether military criminal law should cover sharing digitally altered intimate images and report findings. DoD must also report yearly until 2028 on medical malpractice claims, average timelines, outcomes, and denials.

Trauma care training with partners

DoD can run joint trauma‑care programs with Israel and with Taiwan. Training covers amputee care, prosthetics, wound care, rehab, and mental health, including PTSD and TBI. The goal is to share best practices and improve care for service members.

More outreach and faster enlistment steps

DoD runs a one‑year pilot to send aircraft and demo teams to at least five rural or small‑market air shows, with a report due by June 30, 2026. DoD seeks an agreement with the 9/11 Museum by September 30, 2025 to promote enlistment with exhibits and materials. DoD must also report within 180 days and then yearly for three years on medical screening delays and waiver timelines for recruits.

More training with partners and students

U.S. forces can train with Costa Rica and Panama through December 31, 2030. DoD will run a Middle East military subject‑matter exchange with quarterly in‑person meetings and annual reports for five years. Foreign military members may enroll at the Uniformed Services University, capped at 10 medical students and 40 other students at a time, with home countries reimbursing costs unless waived.

New hiring and procurement incentives at DoD

The Office of Strategic Capital can hire finance and investment experts and fill more positions, with pay up to 150% of the Vice President’s annual compensation. Defense lab education partners can receive separate contracts, cooperative agreements, or grants to support activities. DoD performance reviews must reward staff who make risk‑informed choices to buy more commercial products and services.

New Naval Innovation Center and exchanges

The Navy can partner with a nonprofit to build and run a Naval Innovation Center at the Naval Postgraduate School. The Navy may accept gifts and services for the center and use proceeds to support it. The Office of Strategic Capital can place staff temporarily in private firms, use digital tools to match placements, and track participants in a database.

Fleet upkeep and logistics tweaks

A deployed ship can now get up to 21 days of corrective or preventive maintenance overseas, with a yearly 2% homeport workload cap. Academic oceanographic research vessels are exempted from a specific sourcing rule in the infrastructure law. Japan and South Korea are added to a Defense demo and prototyping program for contested logistics.

Greener cleaning products in DoD buying

DoD must, when practical, buy cleaning products listed by the Safer Choice program. It can also use equivalent third‑party certifications that meet Safer Choice standards. This favors safer, lower‑toxicity products in federal purchasing.

Longer waivers on barracks privacy rules

Waivers of privacy and layout standards in unaccompanied housing can now last up to 15 months. The old limit was 9 months. This may extend periods with reduced privacy in some barracks.

Licensed pros required for Reserve exams

Health professionals who perform Reserve component exams or assessments must be licensed. This clarifies the rule and applies now. Providers should ensure their credentials meet the requirement.

New checks to buy seized boats

To buy a government‑owned or seized vessel at auction, you must show operator liability insurance and money to cover maintenance. If the vessel needs federal documentation, you must also provide an admiralty bond or stipulation. These rules apply now.

Small shipyard aid subsection repealed

The law removes a subsection that had provided assistance to small shipyards. If your shipyard used that program, that specific legal authority is now gone.

Limits on some base and port projects

The ban on Navy port waterborne barriers continues through 2025. The ban on joint civil aviation use of Homestead Air Reserve Base now runs until September 30, 2028. The law also changes the legal definition tied to basing notices by removing a list of states and territories, which can change who gets notified.

NATO investment carryover capped at 50%

If no new NATO Security Investment Program funds are authorized for the next fiscal year, only up to 50% of the prior year’s authorized amount counts as authorized for the following year. This limits carryover when a new authorization is missing.

Pentagon travel funds capped until plans

For FY2025, several Defense travel budgets are partly frozen until required plans, briefings, or guidance reach Congress. Examples include: an 80% cap for certain Air Force travel until an ICBM upload plan is submitted, 75% for OSD travel until multiple strategy documents and unredacted records are delivered, and 85–95% caps tied to other briefings or guidance. Some offices face a 90% cap until specific reports or briefings are provided.

Three-year limit for DAU president

The person serving as Defense Acquisition University President on January 1, 2025 serves a maximum three‑year term from enactment, with no extension allowed.

Limits on DEI and CRT at DoD

DoD may not create new DEI jobs or fill DEI vacancies until the GAO delivers a required study or one year passes from enactment. The law also bars using this Act’s funds to endorse critical race theory at DoD schools, in troop training, or in professional military education. It preserves instructor academic freedom.

Broader landing fees at military airfields

Defense can charge landing fees to civil aircraft at military airfields without the “domestic” limit until October 1, 2027. On October 1, 2027, the domestic‑only limit returns. This can raise costs for some operators that use military fields.

Base stores and dining rule changes

Former Coast Guard members can now buy certain Navy and Marine Corps supplies. Commissaries must stop selling fresh or chilled garlic from China starting January 1, 2026. Reimbursement authority for some Navy mess operations continues through September 30, 2030.

Arkansas Camp Robinson land cleanup

The Army can release federal claims on about 241.33 acres at Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas. The State may have to pay for surveys and environmental work, and any overpayment must be refunded. This helps clear title and resolve land conditions.

Peer reviews for command selection

Each service must start a five‑year pilot within one year to collect peer and subordinate feedback for O‑5 and O‑6 officers up for command. Selection boards may consider these assessments. Officers cannot choose their assessors, and assessors must know the officer’s work.

Retirement info and promotion updates

Financial training and counseling must include all retirement forms you need, including Thrift Savings Plan forms, and where to find more information. Some training components now start at E‑6 instead of E‑4. If an officer has an approved retirement date within 90 days of a promotion board, that counts like an imminent separation for non‑consideration.

Review of food allowance (BAS)

The Defense Secretary must report by April 1, 2025 on whether food allowances (BAS) are enough. The review looks at dependents, access to fresh foods, and local costs, including commissaries. The report will include recommendations to improve BAS.

Troops-to-Teachers cap cut, extended

The Troops‑to‑Teachers cap drops from 5,000 to 3,000 participants. The program authority is extended to 2029.

New owner disclosure for high‑security leases

The law defines a “beneficial owner” as anyone with substantial control or at least 25% ownership, with limited exceptions. It also defines what counts as high‑security leased adjacent space near federal sites. Owners and bidders must identify beneficial owners under these rules. The definitions take effect now.

Conservation grants need 2-to-1 match

The law creates conservation grants for protected areas and buffer zones. Each $1 of U.S. funds must be matched by at least $2 from non‑U.S. sources. Projects need community consent, strong performance measures, and plans to build local capacity.

Focus on drug flows; region limits

DoD must make support to stop illegal drugs entering the United States its top foreign counterdrug priority within 90 days. The law also narrows a subtitle’s Western Hemisphere scope by excluding Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.

Hot Springs hospital land rights update

The Army may release U.S. reversion rights in the former Army‑Navy General Hospital if the Governor of Arkansas asks within three years and the Secretary agrees after consultations. Before any other transfer, the State must offer the property to Interior. Federal mineral, hot water, and utility interests stay, and environmental laws still apply. A report to Congress is required within six months after any reversion.

Space Force leadership and Guard transfers

The law creates a Vice Chief of Space Operations to ensure leadership continuity. Certain Air National Guard space billets (578 total across listed States) may transfer to the Space Force during an eight‑year transition, but only with each member’s consent. Members keep rank and pay, and the Space Force must keep the mission in that State for at least 10 years.

Tighter rules for ex-IC foreign jobs

Former intelligence employees must file a written application to get a waiver of post‑service job limits, and leaders must find no harm to national security. Agencies must report waivers and revocations to Congress every quarter and can issue advisory opinions. Covered foreign employment is narrowed to work tied to national security, intelligence, military, or internal security.

Base housing studies and land transfer

Within one year, DoD must update its rules to study housing near rural bases for critical civilian staff and contractors. The Army may convey about 203 acres at Fort Huachuca to Sierra Vista for airport use, with the city paying all non‑cleanup costs and facing reversion if it fails the agreed use.

Military housing and lodging rules updated

The law clarifies that privatized military housing means housing not owned or controlled by the government. The Army may use streamlined historic‑housing procedures for certain homes, including housing built 1941–1948 and, until December 31, 2045, some built after 1975. An exclusion from the Government lodging program is extended through 2029, with annual briefings through 2030 on use and costs.

Study housing costs: barracks vs BAH

DoD must hire a research center within 60 days to compare 20‑year costs of building and running barracks versus changing policy so more members live off‑base. The study must spell out lifecycle costs and any Basic Allowance for Housing effects. The Secretary must send the unaltered report to Congress within 30 days after receiving it.

Space launch and F‑35 test updates

The national security space launch program date moves from 2024 to 2029, with seven‑day advance notice to Congress before changing the phase three acquisition plan. The F‑35 program must designate at least nine test aircraft of any mix of variants, and a reference is updated from Lot 19 to Lot 18.

Sponsors & CoSponsors

Sponsor

Joyce, David P. [R-OH-14]

OH • R

Cosponsors

Rep. Dingell, Debbie [D-MI-6]
MI • D
Sponsored 7/27/2023
Resident Commissioner González-Colón, Jenniffer [R-PR-At Large]
PR • R
Sponsored 7/27/2023
Rep. Costa, Jim [D-CA-21]
CA • D
Sponsored 7/27/2023
Rep. Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" [R-GA-1]
GA • R
Sponsored 7/27/2023
Rep. Thompson, Mike [D-CA-4]
CA • D
Sponsored 7/27/2023
Rep. Garbarino, Andrew R. [R-NY-2]
NY • R
Sponsored 7/27/2023
Rep. Stansbury, Melanie A. [D-NM-1]
NM • D
Sponsored 8/29/2023
Rep. Lawler, Michael [R-NY-17]
NY • R
Sponsored 9/14/2023
Rep. Sherman, Brad [D-CA-32]
CA • D
Sponsored 10/6/2023
Rep. Grijalva, Raúl M. [D-AZ-7]
AZ • D
Sponsored 10/20/2023
Del. Moylan, James C. [R-GU-At Large]
GU • R
Sponsored 10/24/2023
Rep. Wild, Susan [D-PA-7]
PA • D
Sponsored 11/15/2023

Roll Call Votes

All Roll Calls

Yes: 449 • No: 166

senate vote • 12/18/2024

On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 5009)

Yes: 85 • No: 14

senate vote • 12/16/2024

On the Cloture Motion H.R. 5009

Yes: 83 • No: 12

house vote • 12/11/2024

On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendment with an Amendment

Yes: 281 • No: 140

View on Congress.gov

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