§1a — Title 7 Agriculture | U.S. Code

Summary

Defines the main words used in the chapter so people know what they mean. An "alternative trading system" is an SEC-registered broker-dealer that runs exchange-style trading but does not make broad member rules or punish members except by blocking their trading. The "appropriate Federal banking agency" names the bank regulator in law and says the Board covers noninsured State banks and the Farm Credit Administration covers farm credit institutions. An "associated person" of a swap or security-based swap dealer or major participant is someone tied to that firm (like a partner, officer, employee, or agent) who solicits or supervises swap activity, except purely clerical staff in most cases. The "Board" is the Federal Reserve Board. A "board of trade" is an organized exchange or trading venue. A "cleared swap" is a swap sent to and cleared by a registered clearinghouse. The "Commission" is the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. A "commodity" names many farm and other goods used in futures and related contracts and specifically excludes onions and movie box office receipts. A "commodity pool" is an investment vehicle that trades commodity interests, and a "commodity pool operator" runs such a pool or is registered as one. A "commodity trading advisor" gives paid advice or publishes reports about trading commodity interests or is registered; some professionals and firms are excluded when advice is only incidental. A "contract of sale" covers sales and agreements to sell. A "cooperative association of producers" is a producer-owned coop meeting ownership and other conditions. A "derivatives clearing organization" is a clearinghouse that replaces party credit, nets and settles obligations, or shares credit risk, but does not include entities that only do bilateral settlement, interbank payment netting, or spot-market settlement. An "electronic trading facility" runs on a network and keeps an automated audit trail. "Eligible commercial entity" and "eligible contract participant" describe types of businesses, funds, governments, brokers, dealers, and wealthy individuals that meet tests or asset thresholds or that the Commission may add by rule. Also defines classes of commodities and market terms. An "excluded commodity" is a set of financial or macroeconomic items and other measures or events that are not treated like ordinary commodities; an "exempt commodity" is a commodity that is neither excluded nor an agricultural commodity. A "financial institution" lists banks, credit unions, Farm Credit institutions, certain Federal Reserve corporations, foreign bank branches, financial holding companies, trust companies, and similar regulated affiliates. "Floor broker" and "floor trader" are people who trade on a trading floor for others or for themselves, or who are registered as such. "Foreign exchange forward" and "foreign exchange swap" are currency contracts that exchange two currencies on set future dates, with a swap having a later reverse leg. A "foreign futures authority" is a foreign government or regulator for futures or options. "Future delivery" does not include sales of cash commodities for delayed shipment. A "futures commission merchant" solicits or accepts orders or acts as counterparty in futures, swaps, and related contracts and accepts money or margin, or is registered as such. A "hybrid instrument" is a security with payments tied to commodities. "Interstate commerce" means trade across state lines or through places outside a state. An "introducing broker" takes orders but does not hold customer money for margin unless registered. "Major swap participant," "swap dealer," "major security-based swap participant," and "security-based swap dealer" identify big or regular market makers or parties with large or risky positions, with thresholds and exemptions set by the Commission. A "member" is someone with membership or trading rights on a registered trading venue. A "narrow-based security index" is a small or concentrated stock index defined by component count and concentration tests, with exceptions and joint rules by the CFTC and SEC. An "option" is an agreement known as an option, put, call, or similar right. An "organized exchange" is a trading venue that allows non-eligible participants or has rules and sanctions beyond merely excluding traders. "Person" covers individuals and business entities, singular or plural. A "prudential regulator" names which bank regulator oversees which types of firms. A "registered entity" lists the trading venues and clearing organizations registered with the Commission. "Security," "security-based swap," "security-based swap dealer," "security future," and "security futures product" follow securities law definitions and cover futures on single securities or narrow-based indexes and options on those futures. A "significant price discovery contract" is a contract that meets a special test in the law. A "swap" is a broad category of derivative agreements that includes many types of swaps and options (for example, interest rate, currency, credit, energy, weather, metal, agricultural, and commodity swaps), and it also lists specific types of agreements that are not treated as swaps. "Swap data repository" is a place that collects and keeps records of swaps. A "swap execution facility" is a system where multiple participants can execute swaps by accepting bids and offers and is not a designated contract market. A "trading facility" is a physical or electronic place where multiple participants can trade by interacting bids and offers or through a non-discretionary automated matching system, with some types of negotiation platforms and certain government securities trading excluded.

Title 7, §1a

Agriculture — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

As used in this chapter:

(1)The term “alternative trading system” means an organization, association, or group of persons that—

(A)is registered as a broker or dealer pursuant to section 15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78o(b)] (except paragraph (11) thereof);

(B)performs the functions commonly performed by an exchange (as defined in section 3(a)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(1)]);

(C)does not—

(i)set rules governing the conduct of subscribers other than the conduct of such subscribers’ trading on the alternative trading system; or

(ii)discipline subscribers other than by exclusion from trading; and

(D)is exempt from the definition of the term “exchange” under such section 3(a)(1) [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(1)] by rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission on terms that require compliance with regulations of its trading functions.

(2)The term “appropriate Federal banking agency”—

(A)has the meaning given the term in section 1813 of title 12;

(B)means the Board in the case of a noninsured State bank; and

(C)is the Farm Credit Administration for farm credit system institutions.

(3)The term “associated person of a security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant” has the meaning given the term in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)).

(4)(A)The term “associated person of a swap dealer or major swap participant” means a person who is associated with a swap dealer or major swap participant as a partner, officer, employee, or agent (or any person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions), in any capacity that involves—

(i)the solicitation or acceptance of swaps; or

(ii)the supervision of any person or persons so engaged.

(B)Other than for purposes of section 6s(b)(6) of this title, the term “associated person of a swap dealer or major swap participant” does not include any person associated with a swap dealer or major swap participant the functions of which are solely clerical or ministerial.

(5)The term “Board” means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(6)The term “board of trade” means any organized exchange or other trading facility.

(7)The term “cleared swap” means any swap that is, directly or indirectly, submitted to and cleared by a derivatives clearing organization registered with the Commission.

(8)The term “Commission” means the Commodity Futures Trading Commission established under section 2(a)(2) of this title.

(9)The term “commodity” means wheat, cotton, rice, corn, oats, barley, rye, flaxseed, grain sorghums, mill feeds, butter, eggs, Solanum tuberosum (Irish potatoes), wool, wool tops, fats and oils (including lard, tallow, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, and all other fats and oils), cottonseed meal, cottonseed, peanuts, soybeans, soybean meal, livestock, livestock products, and frozen concentrated orange juice, and all other goods and articles, except onions (as provided by section 13–1 of this title) and motion picture box office receipts (or any index, measure, value, or data related to such receipts), and all services, rights, and interests (except motion picture box office receipts, or any index, measure, value or data related to such receipts) in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in.

(10)(A)The term “commodity pool” means any investment trust, syndicate, or similar form of enterprise operated for the purpose of trading in commodity interests, including any—

(i)commodity for future delivery, security futures product, or swap;

(ii)agreement, contract, or transaction described in section 2(c)(2)(C)(i) of this title or section 2(c)(2)(D)(i) of this title;

(iii)commodity option authorized under section 6c of this title; or

(iv)leverage transaction authorized under section 23 of this title.

(B)The Commission, by rule or regulation, may include within, or exclude from, the term “commodity pool” any investment trust, syndicate, or similar form of enterprise if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this chapter.

(11)(A)The term “commodity pool operator” means any person—

(i)engaged in a business that is of the nature of a commodity pool, investment trust, syndicate, or similar form of enterprise, and who, in connection therewith, solicits, accepts, or receives from others, funds, securities, or property, either directly or through capital contributions, the sale of stock or other forms of securities, or otherwise, for the purpose of trading in commodity interests, including any—

(I)commodity for future delivery, security futures product, or swap;

(II)agreement, contract, or transaction described in section 2(c)(2)(C)(i) of this title or section 2(c)(2)(D)(i) of this title;

(III)commodity option authorized under section 6c of this title; or

(IV)leverage transaction authorized under section 23 of this title; or

(ii)who is registered with the Commission as a commodity pool operator.

(B)The Commission, by rule or regulation, may include within, or exclude from, the term “commodity pool operator” any person engaged in a business that is of the nature of a commodity pool, investment trust, syndicate, or similar form of enterprise if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this chapter.

(12)(A)Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term “commodity trading advisor” means any person who—

(i)for compensation or profit, engages in the business of advising others, either directly or through publications, writings, or electronic media, as to the value of or the advisability of trading in—

(I)any contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery, security futures product, or swap;

(II)any agreement, contract, or transaction described in section 2(c)(2)(C)(i) of this title or section 2(c)(2)(D)(i) of this title 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by a semicolon.

(III)any commodity option authorized under section 6c of this title; or

(IV)any leverage transaction authorized under section 23 of this title;

(ii)for compensation or profit, and as part of a regular business, issues or promulgates analyses or reports concerning any of the activities referred to in clause (i);

(iii)is registered with the Commission as a commodity trading advisor; or

(iv)the Commission, by rule or regulation, may include if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this chapter.

(B)Subject to subparagraph (C), the term “commodity trading advisor” does not include—

(i)any bank or trust company or any person acting as an employee thereof;

(ii)any news reporter, news columnist, or news editor of the print or electronic media, or any lawyer, accountant, or teacher;

(iii)any floor broker or futures commission merchant;

(iv)the publisher or producer of any print or electronic data of general and regular dissemination, including its employees;

(v)the fiduciary of any defined benefit plan that is subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.);

(vi)any contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility; and

(vii)such other persons not within the intent of this paragraph as the Commission may specify by rule, regulation, or order.

(C)Subparagraph (B) shall apply only if the furnishing of such services by persons referred to in subparagraph (B) is solely incidental to the conduct of their business or profession.

(D)The Commission, by rule or regulation, may include within the term “commodity trading advisor”, any person advising as to the value of commodities or issuing reports or analyses concerning commodities if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this paragraph.

(13)The term “contract of sale” includes sales, agreements of sale, and agreements to sell.

(14)The term “cooperative association of producers” means any cooperative association, corporate, or otherwise, not less than 75 percent in good faith owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by producers of agricultural products and otherwise complying with section 291 and 292 of this title, including any organization acting for a group of such associations and owned or controlled by such associations, except that business done for or with the United States, or any agency thereof, shall not be considered either member or nonmember business in determining the compliance of any such association with this chapter.

(15)(A)The term “derivatives clearing organization” means a clearinghouse, clearing association, clearing corporation, or similar entity, facility, system, or organization that, with respect to an agreement, contract, or transaction—

(i)enables each party to the agreement, contract, or transaction to substitute, through novation or otherwise, the credit of the derivatives clearing organization for the credit of the parties;

(ii)arranges or provides, on a multilateral basis, for the settlement or netting of obligations resulting from such agreements, contracts, or transactions executed by participants in the derivatives clearing organization; or

(iii)otherwise provides clearing services or arrangements that mutualize or transfer among participants in the derivatives clearing organization the credit risk arising from such agreements, contracts, or transactions executed by the participants.

(B)The term “derivatives clearing organization” does not include an entity, facility, system, or organization solely because it arranges or provides for—

(i)settlement, netting, or novation of obligations resulting from agreements, contracts, or transactions, on a bilateral basis and without a central counterparty;

(ii)settlement or netting of cash payments through an interbank payment system; or

(iii)settlement, netting, or novation of obligations resulting from a sale of a commodity in a transaction in the spot market for the commodity.

(16)The term “electronic trading facility” means a trading facility that—

(A)operates by means of an electronic or telecommunications network; and

(B)maintains an automated audit trail of bids, offers, and the matching of orders or the execution of transactions on the facility.

(17)The term “eligible commercial entity” means, with respect to an agreement, contract or transaction in a commodity—

(A)an eligible contract participant described in clause (i), (ii), (v), (vii), (viii), or (ix) of paragraph (18)(A) that, in connection with its business—

(i)has a demonstrable ability, directly or through separate contractual arrangements, to make or take delivery of the underlying commodity;

(ii)incurs risks, in addition to price risk, related to the commodity; or

(iii)is a dealer that regularly provides risk management or hedging services to, or engages in market-making activities with, the foregoing entities involving transactions to purchase or sell the commodity or derivative agreements, contracts, or transactions in the commodity;

(B)an eligible contract participant, other than a natural person or an instrumentality, department, or agency of a State or local governmental entity, that—

(i)regularly enters into transactions to purchase or sell the commodity or derivative agreements, contracts, or transactions in the commodity; and

(ii)either—

(I)in the case of a collective investment vehicle whose participants include persons other than—

(aa)qualified eligible persons, as defined in Commission rule 4.7(a) (17 CFR 4.7(a));

(bb)accredited investors, as defined in Regulation D of the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.] (17 CFR 230.501(a)), with total assets of $2,000,000; or

(cc)qualified purchasers, as defined in section 2(a)(51)(A) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 [15 U.S.C. 80a–2(a)(51)(A)];

(II)in the case of other persons, has, or is one of a group of persons under common control or management having in the aggregate, $100,000,000 in total assets; or

(C)such other persons as the Commission shall determine appropriate and shall designate by rule, regulation, or order.

(18)The term “eligible contract participant” means—

(A)acting for its own account—

(i)a financial institution;

(ii)an insurance company that is regulated by a State, or that is regulated by a foreign government and is subject to comparable regulation as determined by the Commission, including a regulated subsidiary or affiliate of such an insurance company;

(iii)an investment company subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a–1 et seq.) or a foreign person performing a similar role or function subject as such to foreign regulation (regardless of whether each investor in the investment company or the foreign person is itself an eligible contract participant);

(iv)a commodity pool that—

(I)has total assets exceeding $5,000,000; and

(II)is formed and operated by a person subject to regulation under this chapter or a foreign person performing a similar role or function subject as such to foreign regulation (regardless of whether each investor in the commodity pool or the foreign person is itself an eligible contract participant) provided, however, that for purposes of section 2(c)(2)(B)(vi) of this title and section 2(c)(2)(C)(vii) of this title, the term “eligible contract participant” shall not include a commodity pool in which any participant is not otherwise an eligible contract participant;

(v)a corporation, partnership, proprietorship, organization, trust, or other entity—

(I)that has total assets exceeding $10,000,000;

(II)the obligations of which under an agreement, contract, or transaction are guaranteed or otherwise supported by a letter of credit or keepwell, support, or other agreement by an entity described in subclause (I), in clause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (vii), or in subparagraph (C); or

(III)that—

(aa)has a net worth exceeding $1,000,000; and

(bb)enters into an agreement, contract, or transaction in connection with the conduct of the entity’s business or to manage the risk associated with an asset or liability owned or incurred or reasonably likely to be owned or incurred by the entity in the conduct of the entity’s business;

(vi)an employee benefit plan subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.), a governmental employee benefit plan, or a foreign person performing a similar role or function subject as such to foreign regulation—

(I)that has total assets exceeding $5,000,000; or

(II)the investment decisions of which are made by—

(aa)an investment adviser or commodity trading advisor subject to regulation under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b–1 et seq.) or this chapter;

(bb)a foreign person performing a similar role or function subject as such to foreign regulation;

(cc)a financial institution; or

(dd)an insurance company described in clause (ii), or a regulated subsidiary or affiliate of such an insurance company;

(vii)(I)a governmental entity (including the United States, a State, or a foreign government) or political subdivision of a governmental entity;

(II)a multinational or supranational government entity; or

(III)an instrumentality, agency, or department of an entity described in subclause (I) or (II);

(viii)(I)a broker or dealer subject to regulation under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) or a foreign person performing a similar role or function subject as such to foreign regulation, except that, if the broker or dealer or foreign person is a natural person or proprietorship, the broker or dealer or foreign person shall not be considered to be an eligible contract participant unless the broker or dealer or foreign person also meets the requirements of clause (v) or (xi);

(II)an associated person of a registered broker or dealer concerning the financial or securities activities of which the registered person makes and keeps records under section 15C(b) or 17(h) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78o–5(b), 78q(h));

(III)an investment bank holding company (as defined in section 17(i) 22 See References in Text note below. of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78q(i)); 33 So in original. The semicolon probably should be preceded by an additional closing parenthesis.

(ix)a futures commission merchant subject to regulation under this chapter or a foreign person performing a similar role or function subject as such to foreign regulation, except that, if the futures commission merchant or foreign person is a natural person or proprietorship, the futures commission merchant or foreign person shall not be considered to be an eligible contract participant unless the futures commission merchant or foreign person also meets the requirements of clause (v) or (xi);

(x)a floor broker or floor trader subject to regulation under this chapter in connection with any transaction that takes place on or through the facilities of a registered entity (other than an electronic trading facility with respect to a significant price discovery contract) or an exempt board of trade, or any affiliate thereof, on which such person regularly trades; or

(xi)an individual who has amounts invested on a discretionary basis, the aggregate of which is in excess of—

(I)$10,000,000; or

(II)$5,000,000 and who enters into the agreement, contract, or transaction in order to manage the risk associated with an asset owned or liability incurred, or reasonably likely to be owned or incurred, by the individual;

(B)(i)a person described in clause (i), (ii), (iv), (v), (viii), (ix), or (x) of subparagraph (A) or in subparagraph (C), acting as broker or performing an equivalent agency function on behalf of another person described in subparagraph (A) or (C); or

(ii)an investment adviser subject to regulation under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 [15 U.S.C. 80b–1 et seq.], a commodity trading advisor subject to regulation under this chapter, a foreign person performing a similar role or function subject as such to foreign regulation, or a person described in clause (i), (ii), (iv), (v), (viii), (ix), or (x) of subparagraph (A) or in subparagraph (C), in any such case acting as investment manager or fiduciary (but excluding a person acting as broker or performing an equivalent agency function) for another person described in subparagraph (A) or (C) and who is authorized by such person to commit such person to the transaction; or

(C)any other person that the Commission determines to be eligible in light of the financial or other qualifications of the person.

(19)The term “excluded commodity” means—

(i)an interest rate, exchange rate, currency, security, security index, credit risk or measure, debt or equity instrument, index or measure of inflation, or other macroeconomic index or measure;

(ii)any other rate, differential, index, or measure of economic or commercial risk, return, or value that is—

(I)not based in substantial part on the value of a narrow group of commodities not described in clause (i); or

(II)based solely on one or more commodities that have no cash market;

(iii)any economic or commercial index based on prices, rates, values, or levels that are not within the control of any party to the relevant contract, agreement, or transaction; or

(iv)an occurrence, extent of an occurrence, or contingency (other than a change in the price, rate, value, or level of a commodity not described in clause (i)) that is—

(I)beyond the control of the parties to the relevant contract, agreement, or transaction; and

(II)associated with a financial, commercial, or economic consequence.

(20)The term “exempt commodity” means a commodity that is not an excluded commodity or an agricultural commodity.

(21)The term “financial institution” means—

(A)a corporation operating under the fifth undesignated paragraph of section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 603), commonly known as “an agreement corporation”;

(B)a corporation organized under section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 611 et seq.), commonly known as an “Edge Act corporation”;

(C)an institution that is regulated by the Farm Credit Administration;

(D)a Federal credit union or State credit union (as defined in section 1752 of title 12);

(E)a depository institution (as defined in section 1813 of title 12);

(F)a foreign bank or a branch or agency of a foreign bank (each as defined in section 3101 of title 12);

(G)any financial holding company (as defined in section 1841 of title 12);

(H)a trust company; or

(I)a similarly regulated subsidiary or affiliate of an entity described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (H).

(22)(A)The term “floor broker” means any person—

(i)who, in or surrounding any pit, ring, post, or other place provided by a contract market for the meeting of persons similarly engaged, shall purchase or sell for any other person—

(I)any commodity for future delivery, security futures product, or swap; or

(II)any commodity option authorized under section 6c of this title; or

(ii)who is registered with the Commission as a floor broker.

(B)The Commission, by rule or regulation, may include within, or exclude from, the term “floor broker” any person in or surrounding any pit, ring, post, or other place provided by a contract market for the meeting of persons similarly engaged who trades for any other person if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this chapter.

(23)(A)The term “floor trader” means any person—

(i)who, in or surrounding any pit, ring, post, or other place provided by a contract market for the meeting of persons similarly engaged, purchases, or sells solely for such person’s own account—

(I)any commodity for future delivery, security futures product, or swap; or

(II)any commodity option authorized under section 6c of this title; or

(ii)who is registered with the Commission as a floor trader.

(B)The Commission, by rule or regulation, may include within, or exclude from, the term “floor trader” any person in or surrounding any pit, ring, post, or other place provided by a contract market for the meeting of persons similarly engaged who trades solely for such person’s own account if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this chapter.

(24)The term “foreign exchange forward” means a transaction that solely involves the exchange of 2 different currencies on a specific future date at a fixed rate agreed upon on the inception of the contract covering the exchange.

(25)The term “foreign exchange swap” means a transaction that solely involves—

(A)an exchange of 2 different currencies on a specific date at a fixed rate that is agreed upon on the inception of the contract covering the exchange; and

(B)a reverse exchange of the 2 currencies described in subparagraph (A) at a later date and at a fixed rate that is agreed upon on the inception of the contract covering the exchange.

(26)The term “foreign futures authority” means any foreign government, or any department, agency, governmental body, or regulatory organization empowered by a foreign government to administer or enforce a law, rule, or regulation as it relates to a futures or options matter, or any department or agency of a political subdivision of a foreign government empowered to administer or enforce a law, rule, or regulation as it relates to a futures or options matter.

(27)The term “future delivery” does not include any sale of any cash commodity for deferred shipment or delivery.

(28)(A)The term “futures commission merchant” means an individual, association, partnership, corporation, or trust—

(i)that—

(I)is—

(aa)engaged in soliciting or in accepting orders for—

(AA)the purchase or sale of a commodity for future delivery;

(BB)a security futures product;

(CC)a swap;

(DD)any agreement, contract, or transaction described in section 2(c)(2)(C)(i) of this title or section 2(c)(2)(D)(i) of this title;

(EE)any commodity option authorized under section 6c of this title; or

(FF)any leverage transaction authorized under section 23 of this title; or

(bb)acting as a counterparty in any agreement, contract, or transaction described in section 2(c)(2)(C)(i) of this title or section 2(c)(2)(D)(i) of this title; and

(II)in or in connection with the activities described in items (aa) or (bb) of subclause (I), accepts any money, securities, or property (or extends credit in lieu thereof) to margin, guarantee, or secure any trades or contracts that result or may result therefrom; or

(ii)that is registered with the Commission as a futures commission merchant.

(B)The Commission, by rule or regulation, may include within, or exclude from, the term “futures commission merchant” any person who engages in soliciting or accepting orders for, or acting as a counterparty in, any agreement, contract, or transaction subject to this chapter, and who accepts any money, securities, or property (or extends credit in lieu thereof) to margin, guarantee, or secure any trades or contracts that result or may result therefrom, if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this chapter.

(29)The term “hybrid instrument” means a security having one or more payments indexed to the value, level, or rate of, or providing for the delivery of, one or more commodities.

(30)The term “interstate commerce” means commerce—

(A)between any State, territory, or possession, or the District of Columbia, and any place outside thereof; or

(B)between points within the same State, territory, or possession, or the District of Columbia, but through any place outside thereof, or within any territory or possession, or the District of Columbia.

(31)(A)The term “introducing broker” means any person (except an individual who elects to be and is registered as an associated person of a futures commission merchant)—

(i)who—

(I)is engaged in soliciting or in accepting orders for—

(aa)the purchase or sale of any commodity for future delivery, security futures product, or swap;

(bb)any agreement, contract, or transaction described in section 2(c)(2)(C)(i) of this title or section 2(c)(2)(D)(i) of this title;

(cc)any commodity option authorized under section 6c of this title; or

(dd)any leverage transaction authorized under section 23 of this title; and

(II)does not accept any money, securities, or property (or extend credit in lieu thereof) to margin, guarantee, or secure any trades or contracts that result or may result therefrom; or

(ii)who is registered with the Commission as an introducing broker.

(B)The Commission, by rule or regulation, may include within, or exclude from, the term “introducing broker” any person who engages in soliciting or accepting orders for any agreement, contract, or transaction subject to this chapter, and who does not accept any money, securities, or property (or extend credit in lieu thereof) to margin, guarantee, or secure any trades or contracts that result or may result therefrom, if the Commission determines that the rule or regulation will effectuate the purposes of this chapter.

(32)The term “major security-based swap participant” has the meaning given the term in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)).

(33)(A)The term “major swap participant” means any person who is not a swap dealer, and—

(i)maintains a substantial position in swaps for any of the major swap categories as determined by the Commission, excluding—

(I)positions held for hedging or mitigating commercial risk; and

(II)positions maintained by any employee benefit plan (or any contract held by such a plan) as defined in paragraphs (3) and (32) of section 3 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002) for the primary purpose of hedging or mitigating any risk directly associated with the operation of the plan;

(ii)whose outstanding swaps create substantial counterparty exposure that could have serious adverse effects on the financial stability of the United States banking system or financial markets; or

(iii)(I)is a financial entity that is highly leveraged relative to the amount of capital it holds and that is not subject to capital requirements established by an appropriate Federal banking agency; and

(II)maintains a substantial position in outstanding swaps in any major swap category as determined by the Commission.

(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A), the Commission shall define by rule or regulation the term “substantial position” at the threshold that the Commission determines to be prudent for the effective monitoring, management, and oversight of entities that are systemically important or can significantly impact the financial system of the United States. In setting the definition under this subparagraph, the Commission shall consider the person’s relative position in uncleared as opposed to cleared swaps and may take into consideration the value and quality of collateral held against counterparty exposures.

(C)For purposes of subparagraph (A), a person may be designated as a major swap participant for 1 or more categories of swaps without being classified as a major swap participant for all classes of swaps.

(D)The definition under this paragraph shall not include an entity whose primary business is providing financing, and uses derivatives for the purpose of hedging underlying commercial risks related to interest rate and foreign currency exposures, 90 percent or more of which arise from financing that facilitates the purchase or lease of products, 90 percent or more of which are manufactured by the parent company or another subsidiary of the parent company.

(34)The term “member” means, with respect to a registered entity or derivatives transaction execution facility, an individual, association, partnership, corporation, or trust—

(A)owning or holding membership in, or admitted to membership representation on, the registered entity or derivatives transaction execution facility; or

(B)having trading privileges on the registered entity or derivatives transaction execution facility.

(35)(A)The term “narrow-based security index” means an index—

(i)that has 9 or fewer component securities;

(ii)in which a component security comprises more than 30 percent of the index’s weighting;

(iii)in which the five highest weighted component securities in the aggregate comprise more than 60 percent of the index’s weighting; or

(iv)in which the lowest weighted component securities comprising, in the aggregate, 25 percent of the index’s weighting have an aggregate dollar value of average daily trading volume of less than $50,000,000 (or in the case of an index with 15 or more component securities, $30,000,000), except that if there are two or more securities with equal weighting that could be included in the calculation of the lowest weighted component securities comprising, in the aggregate, 25 percent of the index’s weighting, such securities shall be ranked from lowest to highest dollar value of average daily trading volume and shall be included in the calculation based on their ranking starting with the lowest ranked security.

(B)Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), an index is not a narrow-based security index if—

(i)(I)it has at least 9 component securities;

(II)no component security comprises more than 30 percent of the index’s weighting; and

(III)each component security is—

(aa)registered pursuant to section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78l];

(bb)one of 750 securities with the largest market capitalization; and

(cc)one of 675 securities with the largest dollar value of average daily trading volume;

(ii)a board of trade was designated as a contract market by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission with respect to a contract of sale for future delivery on the index, before December 21, 2000;

(iii)(I)a contract of sale for future delivery on the index traded on a designated contract market or registered derivatives transaction execution facility for at least 30 days as a contract of sale for future delivery on an index that was not a narrow-based security index; and

(II)it has been a narrow-based security index for no more than 45 business days over 3 consecutive calendar months;

(iv)a contract of sale for future delivery on the index is traded on or subject to the rules of a foreign board of trade and meets such requirements as are jointly established by rule or regulation by the Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission;

(v)no more than 18 months have passed since December 21, 2000, and—

(I)it is traded on or subject to the rules of a foreign board of trade;

(II)the offer and sale in the United States of a contract of sale for future delivery on the index was authorized before December 21, 2000; and

(III)the conditions of such authorization continue to be met; or

(vi)a contract of sale for future delivery on the index is traded on or subject to the rules of a board of trade and meets such requirements as are jointly established by rule, regulation, or order by the Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission.

(C)Within 1 year after December 21, 2000, the Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission jointly shall adopt rules or regulations that set forth the requirements under subparagraph (B)(iv).

(D)An index that is a narrow-based security index solely because it was a narrow-based security index for more than 45 business days over 3 consecutive calendar months pursuant to clause (iii) of subparagraph (B) shall not be a narrow-based security index for the 3 following calendar months.

(E)For purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B)—

(i)the dollar value of average daily trading volume and the market capitalization shall be calculated as of the preceding 6 full calendar months; and

(ii)the Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission shall, by rule or regulation, jointly specify the method to be used to determine market capitalization and dollar value of average daily trading volume.

(36)The term “option” means an agreement, contract, or transaction that is of the character of, or is commonly known to the trade as, an “option”, “privilege”, “indemnity”, “bid”, “offer”, “put”, “call”, “advance guaranty”, or “decline guaranty”.

(37)The term “organized exchange” means a trading facility that—

(A)permits trading—

(i)by or on behalf of a person that is not an eligible contract participant; or

(ii)by persons other than on a principal-to-principal basis; or

(B)has adopted (directly or through another nongovernmental entity) rules that—

(i)govern the conduct of participants, other than rules that govern the submission of orders or execution of transactions on the trading facility; and

(ii)include disciplinary sanctions other than the exclusion of participants from trading.

(38)The term “person” imports the plural or singular, and includes individuals, associations, partnerships, corporations, and trusts.

(39)The term “prudential regulator” means—

(A)the Board in the case of a swap dealer, major swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or major security-based swap participant that is—

(i)a State-chartered bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve System;

(ii)a State-chartered branch or agency of a foreign bank;

(iii)any foreign bank which does not operate an insured branch;

(iv)any organization operating under section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 611 et seq.] or having an agreement with the Board under section 225 of the Federal Reserve Act 44 See References in Text note below.;

(v)any bank holding company (as defined in section 2 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1965 4 (12 U.S.C. 1841)), any foreign bank (as defined in section 3101(7) of title 12) that is treated as a bank holding company under section 3106(a) of title 12, and any subsidiary of such a company or foreign bank (other than a subsidiary that is described in subparagraph (A) or (B) or that is required to be registered with the Commission as a swap dealer or major swap participant under this chapter or with the Securities and Exchange Commission as a security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant);

(vi)after the transfer date (as defined in section 311 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act [12 U.S.C. 5411]), any savings and loan holding company (as defined in section 1467a of title 12) and any subsidiary of such company (other than a subsidiary that is described in subparagraph (A) or (B) or that is required to be registered as a swap dealer or major swap participant with the Commission under this chapter or with the Securities and Exchange Commission as a security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant); or

(vii)any organization operating under section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 611 et seq.) or having an agreement with the Board under section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);

(B)the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency in the case of a swap dealer, major swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or major security-based swap participant that is—

(i)a national bank;

(ii)a federally chartered branch or agency of a foreign bank; or

(iii)any Federal savings association;

(C)the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the case of a swap dealer, major swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or major security-based swap participant that is—

(i)a State-chartered bank that is not a member of the Federal Reserve System; or

(ii)any State savings association;

(D)the Farm Credit Administration, in the case of a swap dealer, major swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or major security-based swap participant that is an institution chartered under the Farm Credit Act of 1971 (12 U.S.C. 2001 et seq.); and

(E)the Federal Housing Finance Agency in the case of a swap dealer, major swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or major security-based swap participant that is a regulated entity (as such term is defined in section 4502 of title 12).

(40)The term “registered entity” means—

(A)a board of trade designated as a contract market under section 7 of this title;

(B)a derivatives clearing organization registered under section 7a–1 of this title;

(C)a board of trade designated as a contract market under section 7b–1 of this title;

(D)a swap execution facility registered under section 7b–3 of this title;

(E)a swap data repository registered under section 24a of this title; and

(F)with respect to a contract that the Commission determines is a significant price discovery contract, any electronic trading facility on which the contract is executed or traded.

(41)The term “security” means a security as defined in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(1)) or section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(10)).

(42)The term “security-based swap” has the meaning given the term in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)).

(43)The term “security-based swap dealer” has the meaning given the term in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)).

(44)The term “security future” means a contract of sale for future delivery of a single security or of a narrow-based security index, including any interest therein or based on the value thereof, except an exempted security under section 3(a)(12) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(12)] as in effect on January 11, 1983 (other than any municipal security as defined in section 3(a)(29) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(29)] as in effect on January 11, 1983). The term “security future” does not include any agreement, contract, or transaction excluded from this chapter under section 2(c), 2(d), 2(f), or 2(g) of this title (as in effect on December 21, 2000) or sections 27 to 27f of this title.

(45)The term “security futures product” means a security future or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security future.

(46)The term “significant price discovery contract” means an agreement, contract, or transaction subject to section 2(h)(5) of this title.

(47)(A)Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term “swap” means any agreement, contract, or transaction—

(i)that is a put, call, cap, floor, collar, or similar option of any kind that is for the purchase or sale, or based on the value, of 1 or more interest or other rates, currencies, commodities, securities, instruments of indebtedness, indices, quantitative measures, or other financial or economic interests or property of any kind;

(ii)that provides for any purchase, sale, payment, or delivery (other than a dividend on an equity security) that is dependent on the occurrence, nonoccurrence, or the extent of the occurrence of an event or contingency associated with a potential financial, economic, or commercial consequence;

(iii)that provides on an executory basis for the exchange, on a fixed or contingent basis, of 1 or more payments based on the value or level of 1 or more interest or other rates, currencies, commodities, securities, instruments of indebtedness, indices, quantitative measures, or other financial or economic interests or property of any kind, or any interest therein or based on the value thereof, and that transfers, as between the parties to the transaction, in whole or in part, the financial risk associated with a future change in any such value or level without also conveying a current or future direct or indirect ownership interest in an asset (including any enterprise or investment pool) or liability that incorporates the financial risk so transferred, including any agreement, contract, or transaction commonly known as—

(I)an interest rate swap;

(II)a rate floor;

(III)a rate cap;

(IV)a rate collar;

(V)a cross-currency rate swap;

(VI)a basis swap;

(VII)a currency swap;

(VIII)a foreign exchange swap;

(IX)a total return swap;

(X)an equity index swap;

(XI)an equity swap;

(XII)a debt index swap;

(XIII)a debt swap;

(XIV)a credit spread;

(XV)a credit default swap;

(XVI)a credit swap;

(XVII)a weather swap;

(XVIII)an energy swap;

(XIX)a metal swap;

(XX)an agricultural swap;

(XXI)an emissions swap; and

(XXII)a commodity swap;

(iv)that is an agreement, contract, or transaction that is, or in the future becomes, commonly known to the trade as a swap;

(v)including any security-based swap agreement which meets the definition of “swap agreement” as defined in section 206A of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (15 U.S.C. 78c note) of which a material term is based on the price, yield, value, or volatility of any security or any group or index of securities, or any interest therein; or

(vi)that is any combination or permutation of, or option on, any agreement, contract, or transaction described in any of clauses (i) through (v).

(B)The term “swap” does not include—

(i)any contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or option on such a contract), leverage contract authorized under section 23 of this title, security futures product, or agreement, contract, or transaction described in section 2(c)(2)(C)(i) of this title or section 2(c)(2)(D)(i) of this title;

(ii)any sale of a nonfinancial commodity or security for deferred shipment or delivery, so long as the transaction is intended to be physically settled;

(iii)any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities, including any interest therein or based on the value thereof, that is subject to—

(I)the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.); and

(II)the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.);

(iv)any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege relating to a foreign currency entered into on a national securities exchange registered pursuant to section 6(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78f(a));

(v)any agreement, contract, or transaction providing for the purchase or sale of 1 or more securities on a fixed basis that is subject to—

(I)the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.); and

(II)the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.);

(vi)any agreement, contract, or transaction providing for the purchase or sale of 1 or more securities on a contingent basis that is subject to the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), unless the agreement, contract, or transaction predicates the purchase or sale on the occurrence of a bona fide contingency that might reasonably be expected to affect or be affected by the creditworthiness of a party other than a party to the agreement, contract, or transaction;

(vii)any note, bond, or evidence of indebtedness that is a security, as defined in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(1));

(viii)any agreement, contract, or transaction that is—

(I)based on a security; and

(II)entered into directly or through an underwriter (as defined in section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(11)) 55 So in original. A third closing parenthesis probably should appear. by the issuer of such security for the purposes of raising capital, unless the agreement, contract, or transaction is entered into to manage a risk associated with capital raising;

(ix)any agreement, contract, or transaction a counterparty of which is a Federal Reserve bank, the Federal Government, or a Federal agency that is expressly backed by the full faith and credit of the United States; and

(x)any security-based swap, other than a security-based swap as described in subparagraph (D).

(C)(i)Except as provided in clause (ii), the term “swap” includes a master agreement that provides for an agreement, contract, or transaction that is a swap under subparagraph (A), together with each supplement to any master agreement, without regard to whether the master agreement contains an agreement, contract, or transaction that is not a swap pursuant to subparagraph (A).

(ii)For purposes of clause (i), the master agreement shall be considered to be a swap only with respect to each agreement, contract, or transaction covered by the master agreement that is a swap pursuant to subparagraph (A).

(D)The term “security-based swap” includes any agreement, contract, or transaction that is as described in section 3(a)(68)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(68)(A)) and also is based on the value of 1 or more interest or other rates, currencies, commodities, instruments of indebtedness, indices, quantitative measures, other financial or economic interest or property of any kind (other than a single security or a narrow-based security index), or the occurrence, non-occurrence, or the extent of the occurrence of an event or contingency associated with a potential financial, economic, or commercial consequence (other than an event described in subparagraph (A)(iii)).

(E)(i)Foreign exchange swaps and foreign exchange forwards shall be considered swaps under this paragraph unless the Secretary makes a written determination under section 1b of this title that either foreign exchange swaps or foreign exchange forwards or both—

(I)should be not be regulated as swaps under this chapter; and

(II)are not structured to evade the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in violation of any rule promulgated by the Commission pursuant to section 721(c) of that Act [15 U.S.C. 8321(b)].

(ii)The Secretary shall submit any written determination under clause (i) to the appropriate committees of Congress, including the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate and the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives. Any such written determination by the Secretary shall not be effective until it is submitted to the appropriate committees of Congress.

(iii)Notwithstanding a written determination by the Secretary under clause (i), all foreign exchange swaps and foreign exchange forwards shall be reported to either a swap data repository, or, if there is no swap data repository that would accept such swaps or forwards, to the Commission pursuant to section 6r of this title within such time period as the Commission may by rule or regulation prescribe.

(iv)Notwithstanding a written determination by the Secretary pursuant to clause (i), any party to a foreign exchange swap or forward that is a swap dealer or major swap participant shall conform to the business conduct standards contained in section 6s(h) of this title.

(v)For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Treasury.

(F)(i)Any foreign exchange swap and any foreign exchange forward that is listed and traded on or subject to the rules of a designated contract market or a swap execution facility, or that is cleared by a derivatives clearing organization, shall not be exempt from any provision of this chapter or amendments made by the Wall Street Transparency and Accountability Act of 2010 prohibiting fraud or manipulation.

(ii)Nothing in subparagraph (E) shall affect, or be construed to affect, the applicability of this chapter or the jurisdiction of the Commission with respect to agreements, contracts, or transactions in foreign currency pursuant to section 2(c)(2) of this title.

(48)The term “swap data repository” means any person that collects and maintains information or records with respect to transactions or positions in, or the terms and conditions of, swaps entered into by third parties for the purpose of providing a centralized recordkeeping facility for swaps.

(49)(A)The term “swap dealer” means any person who—

(i)holds itself out as a dealer in swaps;

(ii)makes a market in swaps;

(iii)regularly enters into swaps with counterparties as an ordinary course of business for its own account; or

(iv)engages in any activity causing the person to be commonly known in the trade as a dealer or market maker in swaps,

(B)A person may be designated as a swap dealer for a single type or single class or category of swap or activities and considered not to be a swap dealer for other types, classes, or categories of swaps or activities.

(C)The term “swap dealer” does not include a person that enters into swaps for such person’s own account, either individually or in a fiduciary capacity, but not as a part of a regular business.

(D)The Commission shall exempt from designation as a swap dealer an entity that engages in a de minimis quantity of swap dealing in connection with transactions with or on behalf of its customers. The Commission shall promulgate regulations to establish factors with respect to the making of this determination to exempt.

(50)The term “swap execution facility” means a trading system or platform in which multiple participants have the ability to execute or trade swaps by accepting bids and offers made by multiple participants in the facility or system, through any means of interstate commerce, including any trading facility, that—

(A)facilitates the execution of swaps between persons; and

(B)is not a designated contract market.

(51)(A)The term “trading facility” means a person or group of persons that constitutes, maintains, or provides a physical or electronic facility or system in which multiple participants have the ability to execute or trade agreements, contracts, or transactions—

(i)by accepting bids or offers made by other participants that are open to multiple participants in the facility or system; or

(ii)through the interaction of multiple bids or multiple offers within a system with a pre-determined non-discretionary automated trade matching and execution algorithm.

(B)The term “trading facility” does not include—

(i)a person or group of persons solely because the person or group of persons constitutes, maintains, or provides an electronic facility or system that enables participants to negotiate the terms of and enter into bilateral transactions as a result of communications exchanged by the parties and not from interaction of multiple bids and multiple offers within a predetermined, nondiscretionary automated trade matching and execution algorithm;

(ii)a government securities dealer or government securities broker, to the extent that the dealer or broker executes or trades agreements, contracts, or transactions in government securities, or assists persons in communicating about, negotiating, entering into, executing, or trading an agreement, contract, or transaction in government securities (as the terms “government securities dealer”, “government securities broker”, and “government securities” are defined in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a))); or

(iii)facilities on which bids and offers, and acceptances of bids and offers effected on the facility, are not binding.

(C)A person or group of persons that would not otherwise constitute a trading facility shall not be considered to be a trading facility solely as a result of the submission to a derivatives clearing organization of transactions executed on or through the person or group of persons.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Amendment of Paragraph (9)Pub. L. 119–27, §§ 17(f), 20,

July 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 463, 466, provided that, effective on the earlier of the date that is 18 months after

July 18, 2025, or the date that is 120 days after the date on which the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators issue any final

Regulations

implementing Pub. L. 119–27, paragraph (9) of this section is amended by adding at the end the following: “The term ‘commodity’ does not include a payment stablecoin issued by a permitted payment stablecoin issuer, as such terms are defined in section 5901 of title 12.” See 2025 Amendment note below.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in pars. (12)(B)(v) and (18)(A)(vi), is Pub. L. 93–406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829, which is classified principally to chapter 18 (§ 1001 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables. The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in pars. (17)(B)(ii)(I)(bb) and (47)(B)(iii)(I), (v)(I), (vi), is title I of act

May 27, 1933, ch. 38, 48 Stat. 74, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 77a et seq.) of chapter 2A of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of Title 15 and Tables. The Investment Company Act of 1940, referred to in par. (18)(A)(iii), is title I of act Aug. 22, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 789, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 80a–1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80a–51 of Title 15 and Tables. The Investment Advisers Act of 1940, referred to in par. (18)(A)(vi)(II)(aa), (B)(ii), is title II of act Aug. 22, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 847, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 80b–1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80b–20 of Title 15 and Tables. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in pars. (18)(A)(viii)(I) and (47)(B)(iii)(II), (v)(II), (vi), is act

June 6, 1934, ch. 404, 48 Stat. 881, which is classified principally to chapter 2B (§ 78a et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 78a of Title 15 and Tables. Subsec. (i) of section 17 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in par. (18)(A)(viii)(III), was struck out and subsec. (j) was redesignated (i) by Pub. L. 111–203, title VI, § 617(a),

July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1616. section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in pars. (21)(B) and (39)(A)(iv), (vii), popularly known as the Edge Act, is classified to subchapter II (§ 611 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 611 of Title 12 and Tables. section 225 of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in par. (39)(A)(iv), probably should be a reference to section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act, which is classified to subchapter I (§ 601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. section 2 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1965, referred to in par. (39)(A)(v), probably should be a reference to section 2 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, act May 9, 1956, ch. 240, 70 Stat. 133, which is classified to section 1841 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in par. (39)(A)(vii), is classified to subchapter I (§ 601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. The Farm Credit Act of 1971, referred to in par. (39)(D), is Pub. L. 92–181, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 583, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§ 2001 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 2001 of Title 12 and Tables. section 206A of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, referred to in par. (47)(A)(v), is section 206A of Pub. L. 106–102 which is set out as a note under section 78c of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, referred to in par. (47)(E)(i)(II), is Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1376, which enacted chapter 53 (§ 5301 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking, and chapters 108 (§ 8201 et seq.) and 109 (§ 8301 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacted, amended, and repealed numerous other sections and notes in the Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 5301 of Title 12 and Tables. The Wall Street Transparency and Accountability Act of 2010, referred to in par. (47)(F)(i), is title VII of Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1641, which enacted chapter 109 (§ 8301 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacted and amended numerous other sections and notes in the Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 8301 of Title 15 and Tables. Codification Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 made identical

Amendments

to this section. The

Amendments

by Pub. L. 110–234 were repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246.

Amendments

2025—Par. (9). Pub. L. 119–27 inserted at end “The term ‘commodity’ does not include a payment stablecoin issued by a permitted payment stablecoin issuer, as such terms are defined in section 5901 of title 12.” 2010—Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(1), redesignated pars. (2), (3), and (4), (5) to (17), (18) to (23), (24) to (28), (29), (30), (31) to (33), and (34) as (6), (8), and (9), (11) to (23), (26) to (31), (34) to (38), (40), (41), (44) to (46), and (51), respectively. Pars. (2), (3). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(2), added pars. (2) and (3). Former pars. (2) and (3) redesignated (6) and (8), respectively. Par. (4). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(4), which directed amendment of par. (9), as redesignated by Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(1), by substituting “except onions (as provided by section 13–1 of this title) and motion picture box office receipts (or any index, measure, value, or data related to such receipts), and all services, rights, and interests (except motion picture box office receipts, or any index, measure, value or data related to such receipts) in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in.” for “except onions as provided in section 13–1 of this title, and all services, rights, and interests in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in.”, was executed by making the substitution in par. (4). Amendment was executed before amendment by Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(1), to reflect the probable intent of Congress, notwithstanding

Effective Date

provisions in section 721(f) and 754 of Pub. L. 111–203. See

Effective Date

of 2010 Amendment notes below. Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(2), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (9). Par. (5). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(2), added par. (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (11). Par. (7). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(3), added par. (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (13). Par. (10). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(5), added par. (10). Former par. (10) redesignated (16). Par. (11). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(6), added par. (11) and struck out former par. (11). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘commodity pool operator’ means any person engaged in a business that is of the nature of an investment trust, syndicate, or similar form of enterprise, and who, in connection therewith, solicits, accepts, or receives from others, funds, securities, or property, either directly or through capital contributions, the sale of stock or other forms of securities, or otherwise, for the purpose of trading in any commodity for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility, except that the term does not include such persons not within the intent of the definition of the term as the Commission may specify by rule, regulation, or order.” Par. (12)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(7)(A)(i), substituted “, security futures product, or swap” for “made or to be made on or subject to the rules of a contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility”. Par. (12)(A)(i)(II) to (IV). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(7)(A)(ii), (iii), added subcl. (II) and redesignated former subcls. (II) and (III) as (III) and (IV), respectively. Par. (12)(A)(iii), (iv). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(7)(A)(iv), (B), (C), added cls. (iii) and (iv). Par. (17)(A). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(8), substituted “paragraph (18)(A)” for “paragraph (12)(A)” in introductory provisions. Par. (18)(A)(iv)(II). Pub. L. 111–203, § 741(b)(10), which directed amendment of par. (19)(A)(iv)(II) by inserting before semicolon at end “provided, however, that for purposes of section 2(c)(2)(B)(vi) of this title and section 2(c)(2)(C)(vii) of this title, the term ‘eligible contract participant’ shall not include a commodity pool in which any participant is not otherwise an eligible contract participant”, was executed by making the insertion in par. (18)(A)(iv)(II) to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Par. (18)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(9)(A)(i), substituted “paragraph (17)(A)” for “paragraph (11)(A)” and “$50,000,000” for “$25,000,000” in concluding provisions. Par. (18)(A)(xi). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(9)(A)(ii), substituted “amounts invested on a discretionary basis, the aggregate of which is” for “total assets in an amount” in introductory provisions. Par. (22). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(10), added par. (22) and struck out former par. (22). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘floor broker’ means any person who, in or surrounding any pit, ring, post, or other place provided by a contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility for the meeting of persons similarly engaged, shall purchase or sell for any other person any commodity for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility.” Par. (23). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(11), added par. (23) and struck out former par. (23). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘floor trader’ means any person who, in or surrounding any pit, ring, post, or other place provided by a contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility for the meeting of persons similarly engaged, purchases, or sells solely for such person’s own account, any commodity for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility.” Pars. (24), (25). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(12), added pars. (24) and (25). Former pars. (24) and (25) redesignated (34) and (35), respectively. Par. (28). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(13), added par. (28) and struck out former par. (28) which defined “futures commission merchant”. Par. (30)(B). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(14), substituted “State” for “state”. Par. (31). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(15), added par. (31) and struck out former par. (31). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘introducing broker’ means any person (except an individual who elects to be and is registered as an associated person of a futures commission merchant) engaged in soliciting or in accepting orders for the purchase or sale of any commodity for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility who does not accept any money, securities, or property (or extend credit in lieu thereof) to margin, guarantee, or secure any trades or contracts that result or may result therefrom.” Pars. (32), (33). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(16), added pars. (32) and (33). Former pars. (32) and (33) redesignated (45) and (46), respectively. Par. (39). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(17), added par. (39). Par. (40)(B) to (F). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(18), added subpars. (D) and (E), redesignated former subpars. (C), (D), and (E) as (B), (C), and (F), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “a derivatives transaction execution facility registered under section 7a of this title;”. Pars. (42), (43). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(19), added pars. (42) and (43). Par. (46). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(20), substituted “subject to section 2(h)(5) of this title” for “subject to section 2(h)(7) of this title”. Pars. (47) to (50). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(21), added pars. (47) to (50). Par. (51)(A)(i). Pub. L. 111–203, § 721(a)(22), substituted “participants” for “partipants”. 2008—Par. (12)(A)(x). Pub. L. 110–246, § 13203(a), inserted “(other than an electronic trading facility with respect to a significant price discovery contract)” after “registered entity”. Par. (29)(E). Pub. L. 110–246, § 13203(b), added subpar. (E). Par. (33). Pub. L. 110–246, § 13201(a), added par. (33). Former par. (33) redesignated (34). Par. (33)(A). Pub. L. 110–246, § 13105(j), substituted “transactions—” for “transactions by accepting bids and offers made by other participants that are open to multiple participants in the facility or system.” in introductory provisions and added cls. (i) and (ii). Par. (34). Pub. L. 110–246, § 13201(a)(1), redesignated par. (33) as (34). 2000—Par. (1). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(2)], added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2). Par. (2). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(3)], added par. (2) and struck out heading and text of former par. (2). Text read as follows: “The term ‘board of trade’ means any exchange or association, whether incorporated or unincorporated, of persons who are engaged in the business of buying or selling any commodity or receiving the same for sale on consignment.” Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (1) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3). Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively. Former par. (4) redesignated (5). Par. (5). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 123(a)(1)(A)], inserted “or derivatives transaction execution facility” after “contract market”. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6). Par. (6). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 123(a)(1)(A)], inserted “or derivatives transaction execution facility” after “contract market” in subpars. (A)(i)(I) and (B)(vi). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (5) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7). Pars. (7), (8). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated pars. (6) and (7) as (7) and (8), respectively. Former par. (8) redesignated (16). Pars. (9) to (15). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(4)], added pars. (9) to (15). Former pars. (9) to (12) and (13) to (15) redesignated (17) to (20) and (22) to (24), respectively. Par. (16). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 123(a)(1)(A)], inserted “or derivatives transaction execution facility” after “contract market” in two places. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (8) as (16). Former par. (16) redesignated (28). Par. (17). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 123(a)(1)(A)], inserted “or derivatives transaction execution facility” after “contract market” in two places. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (9) as (17). Pars. (18), (19). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated pars. (10) and (11) as (18) and (19), respectively. Par. (20). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (12) as (20). Par. (20)(A). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 123(a)(1)(A)], inserted “or derivatives transaction execution facility” after “contract market”. Par. (21). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(5)], added par. (21). Par. (22). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (13) as (22). Par. (23). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 123(a)(1)(A)], inserted “or derivatives transaction execution facility” after “contract market”. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (14) as (23). Par. (24). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 123(a)(1)(B)], substituted “registered entity” for “contract market” wherever appearing in heading and text and inserted concluding provisions. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(6)], added par. (24) and struck out heading and text of former par. (24). Text read as follows: “The term ‘member of a contract market’ means an individual, association, partnership, corporation, or trust owning or holding membership in, or admitted to membership representation on, a contract market or given members’ trading privileges thereon.” Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (15) as (24). Pars. (25) to (27). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(6)], added pars. (25) to (27). Par. (28). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(1)], redesignated par. (16) as (28). Pars. (29) to (33). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title I, § 101(7)], added pars. (29) to (33).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

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of 2025 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 119–27 effective on the earlier of the date that is 18 months after July 18, 2025, or the date that is 120 days after the date on which the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators issue any final

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implementing Pub. L. 119–27, see section 20 of Pub. L. 119–27, set out as an

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note under section 5901 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

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of 2010 Amendment Pub. L. 111–203, title VII, § 721(f), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1672, provided that: “Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act [see Tables for classification], the

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made by subsection (a)(4) [amending this section] shall take effect on

June 1, 2010.” Pub. L. 111–203, title VII, § 754,

July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1754, provided that: “Unless otherwise provided in this title [see Tables for classification], the provisions of this subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 711–754) of title VII of Pub. L. 111–203, see Tables for classification] shall take effect on the later of 360 days after the date of the enactment of this subtitle [

July 21, 2010] or, to the extent a provision of this subtitle requires a rulemaking, not less than 60 days after publication of the final rule or regulation implementing such provision of this subtitle.”

Effective Date

of 2008 AmendmentAmendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an

Effective Date

note under section 8701 of this title. Amendment by section 13201(a) and 13203(a), (b) of Pub. L. 110–246 effective June 18, 2008, see section 13204(a) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 102–546, title IV, § 403, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3625, provided that: “Except as otherwise specifically provided in this Act [enacting this section and section 12e of this title, amending section 2, 2a, 4, 4a, 6 to 6c, 6e to 6g, 6j, 6p, 7 to 9a, 10a, 12, 12a, 12c, 13 to 13c, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, and 25 of this title, repealing section 26 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 1a, 4a, 6c, 6e, 6j, 6p, 7a, 13, 16a, 21, and 22 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 4a of this title], this Act and the

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made by this Act shall become effective on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 1992].” Other Authority Pub. L. 111–203, title VII, § 743, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1735, provided that: “Unless otherwise provided by the

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made by this subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 711–754) of title VII of Pub. L. 111–203, see Tables for classification], the

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made by this subtitle do not divest any appropriate Federal banking agency, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or other Federal or State agency of any authority derived from any other applicable law.” [For definitions of “appropriate Federal banking agency” and “State” as used in section 743 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out above, see section 5301 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.]

§1a Definitions

Summary

Title 7, §1a

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