Country exposure · CA
Canada
North America · Ottawa · federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution
What Canada means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.
$381.9B
U.S. imports, 2025
-7.2%
change in one year
$333.6B
U.S. exports, 2025
39M
Population
$2.2T
GDP
In your house
What you buy that Canada makes
America bought $381.9B in goods from Canada in 2025. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.
Crude oil
$85.4B22.4%
Passenger cars, new and used
new and used cars
$24.6B6.4%
U.s. goods returned, and reimports
$15.3B4%
Other parts and accessories of vehicles
car parts and accessories
$13.6B3.6%
Bakery products
$10.0B2.6%
Trucks, buses, and special purpose vehicles
trucks, buses, SUVs
$8.6B2.2%
Bauxite and aluminum
aluminum for cans and autos
$8.1B2.1%
Petroleum products, other
gasoline and petroleum products
$8.0B2.1%
Gas-natural
$7.7B2%
Meat products
meat at the counter
$7.4B1.9%
2026 so far (through April): $126.6B in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).
The other direction
What America sells to Canada
$333.6B in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.
Other parts and accessories of vehicles
$19.5Bcar parts and accessories
Trucks, buses, and special purpose vehicles
$18.7Btrucks, buses, SUVs
Passenger cars, new and used
$13.3Bnew and used cars
Petroleum products, other
$12.9BIndustrial machines, other
$10.9BCivilian aircraft, engines, equipment, and parts
$9.9BElectric apparatus
$9.4BCrude oil
$9.3BMinimum value shipments
$8.7BWhere you stand
U.S. tariff posture toward Canada
Canada's tariff exposure was reshaped twice. Through 2025 it faced IEEPA 'fentanyl/border' tariffs that escalated from 25% to 35% on non-USMCA goods (energy and potash at 10%), while USMCA/CUSMA-compliant goods — over 85% of Canada-U.S. trade — stayed duty-free. Executive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions, Feb 20, 2026) terminated all IEEPA tariffs effective February 24, 2026. Canada's 35% border tariff was replaced by a global 10% Section 122 tariff (Trade Act of 1974, capped at 150 days), from which USMCA-compliant goods remain exempt. Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs — which are not IEEPA-based — survive untouched at 50%, with no USMCA carve-out.
Section 232 sectors
Aluminum
Steel, aluminum, autos, and similar national-security tariffs that name this country.
Policy in motion
Tariff status: a moving target
U.S. tariff policy toward Canada has changed 8 times since 2025. This page tracks it.
2026-04-06
Section 232 metals restated at 50% — Canada included
In effectA proclamation strengthening Section 232 actions on aluminum, steel, and copper set the general rate at 50%. Canada is listed among trade-agreement partners for limited procedural purposes but received no reduced metals rate, so Canadian steel and aluminum remain at 50% with no USMCA exemption.
91 FR 18201 →2026-02-24
IEEPA border tariffs terminated after Supreme Court ruling
EndedExecutive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties effective February 24, 2026 — terminating Canada's 35% border tariff and 10% energy tariff.
91 FR 9437 →2026-02-24
Replaced by a 10% Section 122 tariff (USMCA-exempt)
In effectTo replace the terminated IEEPA tariffs, the administration imposed a global 10% tariff under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 (limited to 150 days absent Congressional action). USMCA/CUSMA-compliant Canadian goods are exempt, so the large majority of Canada-U.S. trade remains duty-free.
Source ↗2025-08-01
Border tariff on non-USMCA goods raised to 35%
In effectExecutive Order 14325 increased the IEEPA border tariff on non-USMCA Canadian goods from 25% to 35%, citing insufficient Canadian action on fentanyl. The USMCA exemption and the 10% energy/potash rate were retained.
90 FR 37957 →2025-06-04
Section 232 steel and aluminum doubled to 50%
In effectProclamation 10947 raised the Section 232 steel and aluminum tariff to 50% for all countries except the UK. Canada received no carve-out, so its metals rate moved from 25% to 50%.
90 FR 24199 →2025-03-12
Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs applied to Canada at 25%
In effectProclamations ended Canada's prior steel and aluminum arrangements and subjected Canadian steel, aluminum, and derivatives to the 25% Section 232 tariff applied to most countries.
Federal Register · 2025-02833 →2025-03-07
USMCA-compliant goods carved out of the border tariff
In effectExecutive Order 14231 exempted goods that qualify for duty-free entry under the USMCA from the border tariff, leaving non-USMCA goods at 25% and energy and potash at 10%. This kept the large majority of Canada-U.S. trade tariff-free.
90 FR 11785 →2025-03-04
IEEPA northern-border tariffs take effect — 25% (10% on energy)
In effectExecutive Order 14193 (signed February 1) declared a fentanyl/border national emergency and imposed a 25% tariff on Canadian goods and 10% on Canadian energy resources. After an initial 30-day pause, collection began March 4, 2025.
90 FR 9113 →
Made for America
What Canada makes for America
Canada is a direct U.S. source of 12 essential goods Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.
materials
14% of U.S.Vehicles and light trucks
$28.5B to the U.S.
materials
11% of U.S.Auto parts and repairs
$13.8B to the U.S.
materials
50% of U.S.Lumber and wood products
$8.7B to the U.S.
energy
93% of U.S.Natural gas (home)
$7.7B to the U.S.
energy
31% of U.S.Home heating oil
$5.8B to the U.S.
materials
19% of U.S.Steel and iron products
$5.3B to the U.S.
food
54% of U.S.Bread, grains, and flour
$4.3B to the U.S.
food
17% of U.S.Seafood and fish
$4.3B to the U.S.
energy
18% of U.S.Gasoline and diesel
$3.7B to the U.S.
food
46% of U.S.Chocolate and cocoa products
$3.1B to the U.S.
grocery
10% of U.S.Fresh produce staples
$3.0B to the U.S.
agriculture
63% of U.S.Potash and phosphate fertilizers
$2.9B to the U.S.
Go deeper
The supply chain view
Canada sits upstream of 24 essential American goods through 12 tracked inputs.
mineral
100%Solution Mining Brine Water (Saskatchewan Potash)
chemical
92%Argon Gas (insulating glass fill)
chemical
88%Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB)
chemical
87%Coal Tar Pitch (Aluminum Smelting Anode Binder)
chemical
85%HDPE Cable Jacketing Compound
manufactured
85%HDPE Resin (bottle packaging)
Reference
The country itself
North America · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.
A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.
Geography
- Location
- Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US
- Area
- 9,984,670 sq km
- Climate
- varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
- Terrain
- mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast
- Natural resources
- bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
- Coastline
- 202,080 km
- Natural hazards
- continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant
People & society
- Population
- 39,187,155 (2025 est.)
- Nationality
- Canadian(s)
- Ethnic groups
- Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
- Languages
- English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)
- Religions
- Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)
- Median age
- 42.8 years (2025 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth
- 84.2 years (2024 est.)
Economy
- Economic overview
- high-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range
- Industries
- transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas
- Agricultural products
- wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)
- Exports - partners
- USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)
- Imports - partners
- USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)
Government
- Government type
- federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution
- Capital
- Ottawa
- Independence
- 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)
- Constitution
- consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
- Executive branch
- King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)
- Legislative branch
- Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada
Full reference data
Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.
Introduction
Background
A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.
Travel Facts
US State Dept Travel Advisory
The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise normal precautions in Canada. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements
US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 6 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required as long as you do not stay in the country more than 180 days.
US Embassy/Consulate
[1] (613) 688-5335; US Embassy in Ottawa, 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 Canada; https://ca.usembassy.gov/; OttawaNIV@state.gov
Telephone Code
1
Local Emergency Phone
911
Vaccinations
See WHO recommendations http://www.who.int/
Climate
Varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Currency (Code)
Canadian dollar (CAD)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)
120 V / 60 Hz / plug types(s): A, B
Major Languages
English, French, Punjabi, Italian, Spanish, German, Cantonese, Tagalog, Arabic
Major Religions
Catholic 39%, Protestant 20.3%, Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%
Time Difference
UTC -7, -6, -5, -4, -3 going from West to East
Potable Water
Yes
International Driving Permit
Suggested
Road Driving Side
Right
Tourist Destinations
Niagara Falls; Banff National Park & Rocky Mountains; Toronto's CN Tower; Old Quebec (Vieux-Quebec); Whistler; Ottawa's Parliament Hill; Bay of Fundy; Peggy's Cove; Green Gables; Vancouver; Butchart Gardens; Aisinai'pi/Writing-on-Stone Park
Major Sports
Ice hockey, lacrosse
Cultural Practices
Talking about politics can be more sensitive in Canada than in America. Canadians treat politics as a mostly private affair, and asking about party affiliation can be seen as presumptuous.
Tipping Guidelines
Tipping 15-20% is expected at restaurants. Round up to the nearest $5 (CAD) whenever you take a taxi and $1-2 (CAD) per bag is expected for bellhops. A housekeeping tip may be included in hotel bills. If not, leave $5 (CAD) a day or a lump sum at the end of your stay.
Souvenirs
Maple syrup products, maple leaf and loon figurine handicrafts, Canadian Mountie "Moose" items, stuffed toy polar bears, native artwork and wood carvings
Traditional Cuisine
Poutine — French fries topped with a mildly spicy chicken or turkey gravy and fresh cheese curds
CIA source last updated
Wednesday, October 05, 2022
Travel resources
Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.
World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.
US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.
To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)
How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444
Page last updated: Wednesday, October 05, 2022
Geography
Location
Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US
Geographic coordinates
60 00 N, 95 00 W
Map references
North America
Area - total
9,984,670 sq km
Area - land
9,093,507 sq km
Area - water
891,163 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly larger than the US
Land boundaries - total
8,892 km
Land boundaries - border countries
US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km
Coastline
202,080 km
Coastline - note
note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago -- consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them among the world's largest -- gives Canada the longest coastline in the world
Maritime claims - territorial sea
12 nm
Maritime claims - contiguous zone
24 nm
Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Maritime claims - continental shelf
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Terrain
mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast
Elevation - highest point
Mount Logan 5,959 m
Elevation - lowest point
Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m
Elevation - mean elevation
487 m
Natural resources
bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
Land use - agricultural land
6.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
42% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
51.4% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
9,045 sq km (2015)
Major lakes (area sq km) - fresh water lake(s)
Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters
Major rivers (by length in km)
Mackenzie - 4,241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Arctic Ocean drainage
Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Atlantic Ocean drainage
Mississippi* (Gulf of America) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Pacific Ocean drainage
Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)
Major watersheds (area sq km) - note
note: watersheds shared with the US shown with *
Major aquifers
Northern Great Plains Aquifer
Population distribution
vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
Natural hazards
continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant
Geography - note
note 1: second-largest country in the world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country, and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes, more than all other countries combined
People and Society
Population - total
39,187,155 (2025 est.)
Population - male
19,515,416
Population - female
19,671,739
Nationality - noun
Canadian(s)
Nationality - adjective
Canadian
Ethnic groups
Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
Ethnic groups - note
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin
Languages - Languages
English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)
Languages - major-language sample(s)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English) The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
Religions
Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)
Age structure - 0-14 years
15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)
Age structure - 15-64 years
63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)
Age structure - 65 years and over
21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)
Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio
57.7 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio
23.8 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio
33.9 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - potential support ratio
2.9 (2025 est.)
Median age - total
42.8 years (2025 est.)
Median age - male
41.4 years
Median age - female
43.8 years
Population growth rate
0.73% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
9.12 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
7.75 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
Urbanization - urban population
81.9% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio - at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 15-64 years
1.01 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - total population
0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
29.4 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate - total
3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate - male
4.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate - female
4 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population
84.2 years (2024 est.)
Life expectancy at birth - male
81.9 years
Life expectancy at birth - female
86.6 years
Total fertility rate
1.43 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.7 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: urban
urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: rural
rural: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: total
total: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: urban
urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: rural
rural: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: total
total: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
11.2% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
19.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
2.82 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density
2.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: urban
urban: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: rural
rural: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: total
total: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban
urban: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural
rural: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total
total: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
29.4% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita - total
8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - beer
3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - wine
2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits
2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols
0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use - total
10.1% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - male
12.3% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - female
8% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
51.6% (2021 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)
10.7% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total
16 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male
15 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female
17 years (2022 est.)
Government
Country name - conventional long form
none
Country name - conventional short form
Canada
Country name - etymology
the name is probably derived from the Huron or Iroquois word kanata , meaning village or camp
Government type
federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution
Capital - name
Ottawa
Capital - geographic coordinates
45 25 N, 75 42 W
Capital - time difference
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Capital - daylight saving time
+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
Capital - time zone note
Canada has six time zones
Capital - etymology
the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word adawe , meaning "to trade"
Administrative divisions
10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*
Legal system
common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails
Constitution - history
consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
Constitution - amendment process
proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship - citizenship by birth
yes
Citizenship - citizenship by descent only
yes
Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized
yes
Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization
minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch - chief of state
King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)
Executive branch - head of government
Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)
Executive branch - cabinet
Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
Executive branch - election/appointment process
the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; after legislative elections, the governor general usually designates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons as prime minister
Executive branch - note
note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial
Legislative branch - legislature name
Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada
Legislative branch - legislative structure
bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber - chamber name
House of Commons
Legislative branch - lower chamber - number of seats
343 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - electoral system
plurality/majority
Legislative branch - lower chamber - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - lower chamber - term in office
4 years
Legislative branch - lower chamber - most recent election date
4/28/2025
Legislative branch - lower chamber - parties elected and seats per party
Liberal Party (169); Conservative Party (144); Bloc Québécois (BQ) (22); Other (30)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - percentage of women in chamber
30.3%
Legislative branch - lower chamber - expected date of next election
October 2029
Legislative branch - upper chamber - chamber name
Senate
Legislative branch - upper chamber - number of seats
105 (all appointed)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - percentage of women in chamber
54.8%
Judicial branch - highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)
Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office
chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
Judicial branch - subordinate courts
federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts
Judicial branch - note
note: in 1999, the Nunavut Court -- a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court -- was established to serve isolated settlements
Political parties
Bloc Québécois Conservative Party of Canada or CPC Green Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada New Democratic Party
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery
501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone
[1] (844) 880-6519
Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX
[1] (202) 682-7738
Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
Diplomatic representation in the US - trade office(s)
Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025)
Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy
490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address
5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480
Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone
[1] (613) 688-5335
Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX
[1] (613) 241-7845
Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation from the US - consulate(s) general
Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver
Diplomatic representation from the US - consulate(s)
Winnipeg
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)
National holiday
Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Flag
description: two vertical bands of red on each side, with a white square between them; a large 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square meaning: the maple leaf is a national symbol
National symbol(s)
maple leaf, beaver
National color(s)
red, white
National coat of arms
The current design of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada was adopted in 1921 and references the four nations that helped found Canada. England is represented with royal lions, a union flag, and a rose, and Scotland with a royal lion, a unicorn, and a thistle. Ireland’s symbols include a harp and a shamrock, and France’s symbols are a royal fleur-de-lis and a royal flag. The maple leaves are the Canadian national symbol. A red circle displays the motto Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam (Desiring a Better Country), and a blue ribbon displays A Mari usque ad Mare (From Sea to Sea).
National anthem(s) - title
"God Save the King"
National anthem(s) - lyrics/music
unknown
National anthem(s) - history
royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country
National heritage - total World Heritage Sites
22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)
National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales
L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)
Economy
Economic overview
high-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$2.341 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$2.305 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$2.271 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024
1.5% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023
1.5% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022
4.2% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024
$56,700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023
$57,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022
$58,300 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$2.241 trillion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) - note
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.4% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
3.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
6.8% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture
1.6% (2021 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry
25.3% (2021 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services
66.4% (2021 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption
54.4% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption
20.9% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital
22.9% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories
1% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services
33.3% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services
-33.3% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)
Agricultural products - note
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas
Industrial production growth rate
0% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate - note
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
22.868 million (2024 est.)
Labor force - note
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024
6.5% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023
5.5% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022
5.3% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate - note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total
13% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male
13.8% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female
12.1% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020
29.9 (2020 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures - on food
9.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco
3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%
3.5% (2020 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%
23.4% (2020 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - note
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances - Remittances 2024
0% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2023
0% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2022
0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances - note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget - revenues
$428.312 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - expenditures
$417.421 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - note
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt - Public debt 2023
61.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Public debt - note
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
13.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Taxes and other revenues - note
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance - Current account balance 2024
-$10.349 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2023
-$13.764 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2022
-$6.318 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance - note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports - Exports 2024
$727.831 billion (2024 est.)
Exports - Exports 2023
$724.754 billion (2023 est.)
Exports - Exports 2022
$743.782 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)
Exports - partners - note
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)
Exports - commodities - note
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - Imports 2024
$733.778 billion (2024 est.)
Imports - Imports 2023
$723.399 billion (2023 est.)
Imports - Imports 2022
$731.058 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)
Imports - partners - note
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)
Imports - commodities - note
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$119.778 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$117.551 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$106.952 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates - Currency
Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024
1.369 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023
1.35 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022
1.302 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021
1.254 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020
1.341 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access - electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity
161.988 million kW (2023 est.)
Electricity - consumption
555.683 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - exports
49.444 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - imports
21.77 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - transmission/distribution losses
31.784 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels
18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - nuclear
13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - solar
1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - wind
6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity
58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - biomass and waste
1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy - Number of operational nuclear reactors
17 (2025)
Nuclear energy - Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
12.71GW (2025 est.)
Nuclear energy - Percent of total electricity production
13.7% (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy - Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down
8 (2025)
Coal - production
50.687 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - consumption
20.092 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - exports
35.447 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - imports
7.03 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - proven reserves
6.582 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum - total petroleum production
5.688 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption
2.377 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
Petroleum - crude oil estimated reserves
170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas - production
194.105 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - consumption
131.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - exports
82.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - imports
29.058 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - proven reserves
2.067 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023
311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions
11 million (2024 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
28 (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions
37.4 million (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
94 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private commercial networks, also with multiple network affiliates; a total of about 150 TV stations, accessible via multi-channel satellite and cable systems; mix of public and commercial radio, with over 1,000 licensed stations; public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to ethnic populations in the north (2016)
Internet country code
.ca
Internet users - percent of population
94% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total
17 million (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
43 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
C
Airports
1,459 (2025)
Heliports
506 (2025)
Railways - total
49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)
Railways - standard gauge
49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge
Merchant marine - total
716 (2023)
Merchant marine - by type
bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600
Ports - total ports
284 (2024)
Ports - large
4
Ports - medium
14
Ports - small
58
Ports - very small
149
Ports - size unknown
59
Ports - ports with oil terminals
59
Ports - key ports
Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (2025)
Military and security forces - note
note 1: the CAF is comprised of both a Regular Force and a Reserve Force; the Reserve Force is comprised of the Primary Reserve, Canadian Rangers, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Supplementary Reserve; the Canadian Rangers are part of the Army Reserve Force and provide a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles note 2: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or "Mounties") are under the Department of Public Safety; the Coast Guard is under the Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024
1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023
1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022
1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021
1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 75,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, the UK, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components; it also collaborates with the defense industries of allied countries such as the UK (2025)
Military service age and obligation
17 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; service obligation 3-9 years depending on the position (2025)
Military service age and obligation - note
note 1: Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; women in 2024 comprised about 16% of the CAF note 2: the CAF offers waivers to foreign nationals applying for military service only in exceptional cases — to individuals on international military exchanges, for example, or to candidates who have specialized skills in high demand
Military deployments
approximately 2,000 Latvia (NATO); the CAF also has air and naval assets supporting NATO missions (2025)
Military deployments - note
note: in 2024, Canada announced plans to have a full 2,000-person brigade deployed to Latvia by 2026
Military - note
the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations, principally through NATO, but also with the UN and other security partners Canada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada/US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a CAF officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the US British troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the US-UK Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2025)
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Hizballah; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Terrorist group(s) - note
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees
561,551 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - IDPs
1,981 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons
8,166 (2024 est.)
Illicit drugs - USG identification
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Environment
Environmental issues
air pollution and acid rain from vehicle emissions, coal-burning, and metal smelting severely affecting lakes and forests; seawater pollution from agriculture, industry, mining, and forestry
International environmental agreements - party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation
Climate
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Land use - agricultural land
6.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
42% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
51.4% (2023 est.)
Urbanization - urban population
81.9% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions
585.853 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke
32.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids
294.196 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from consumed natural gas
259.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
6.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions - energy
2,787.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Methane emissions - agriculture
1,049.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Methane emissions - waste
816.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Methane emissions - other
39.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually
25.103 million tons (2024 est.)
Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled
23.1% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - municipal
4.869 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - industrial
27.357 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - agricultural
3.859 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
2.902 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks - total global geoparks and regional networks
5
Geoparks - global geoparks and regional networks
Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)
Space
Space agency/agencies
Canadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2025)
Space launch site(s)
developing commercial space port sites in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (2025)
Space launch site(s) - note
note: the Churchill Rocket Research Range in Manitoba was used for rocket testing from 1956-1985
Space program overview
has a national space strategy and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program; involved in the development and production of advanced communications systems, lunar rovers, planetary probes, robotics, sensors, and space telescopes; participates in international space programs, including the International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope; Cooperating State of the ESA since 1979 and participates in a variety of ESA programs, such as the Copernicus Earth observation project; works with numerous foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, individual ESA and EU member states, Japan, India, and particularly the US; has an active commercial space sector (2025)
Key space-program milestones
1959-1962 - launched first domestically built sounding rocket (Black Brant 1); first domestically designed and built satellite (Alouette) launched by US 1972-1973 - first domestic communications satellites (Anik A-1 and Anik A-2) launched by US, making Canada first country to employ satellites for domestic communications 1970s - began participating in US Space Shuttle (first Canadian in space on Shuttle in 1984) and US Mars probe/exploration programs 1995 - first Canadian-built, radar-capable remote sensing satellite (Radarsat-1) launched by US 2019 - began participating in US/NASA Lunar Gateway orbital station program; launched constellation of remote sensing satellites (RADARSAT Constellation Mission) 2020 - signed the US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration (active participant in planned Moon missions under the Artemis program)