§609 Short title

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 19, 1934, ch. 652, 48 Stat. 1064, known as the Communications Act of 1934, which enacted this chapter, amended section 35 of this title, section 21 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 487 of former Title 46, Shipping, and section 1, 2, 5, and 15 of former Title 49, Transportation, and repealed sections 484 to 487 of former Title 46. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

of 2025 Amendment Pub. L. 119–12, § 1, May 19, 2025, 139 Stat. 55, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 223a of this title, amending section 223 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 223 and 223a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act’ or the ‘TAKE IT DOWN Act’.”

of 2024 Amendment Pub. L. 118–159, div. E, title LIV, § 5401, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2449, provided that: “This title [amending section 1603 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 309 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Spectrum and Secure Technology and Innovation Act of 2024’.”

of 2023 Amendment Pub. L. 117–338, § 1, Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6156, provided that: “This Act [amending section 152, 153, and 276 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Martha Wright-Reed Just and Reasonable Communications Act of 2022’.”

of 2022 Amendment Pub. L. 117–223, § 1, Dec. 7, 2022, 136 Stat. 2280, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 345 of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 345 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Safe Connections Act of 2022’.”

of 2021 Amendment Pub. L. 117–58, div. F, title VI, § 60601, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 1246, provided that: “This title [enacting and repealing section 344 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 344 of this title and section 3111 of Title 29, Labor] may be cited as the ‘Telecommunications Skilled Workforce Act’.”

of 2020 Amendment Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title IX, § 902(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3206, provided that: “This section [amending section 615a–1 of this title, repealing section 1413 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 615a–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Don’t Break Up the T-Band Act of 2020’.” Pub. L. 116–172, § 1, Oct. 17, 2020, 134 Stat. 832, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 251a of this title, amending section 251 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 251 of this title] may be cited as the ‘National Suicide Hotline Designation Act of 2020’.” Pub. L. 116–130, § 1, Mar. 23, 2020, 134 Stat. 228, provided that: “This Act [enacting subchapter VII of this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Broadband Deployment Accuracy and Technological Availability Act’ or the ‘Broadband DATA Act’.” Pub. L. 116–109, § 1, Jan. 24, 2020, 134 Stat. 3, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 511 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Preventing Illegal Radio Abuse Through

Act’ or the ‘PIRATE Act’.”

of 2019 Amendment Pub. L. 116–105, § 1, Dec. 30, 2019, 133 Stat. 3274, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 227b to 227b–2 of this title, amending section 227 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 227 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal

and Deterrence Act’ or the ‘Pallone-Thune TRACED Act’.” Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title X, § 1001, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3198, provided that: “This title [enacting section 562 of this title, amending section 325 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 325 and 562 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Television Viewer Protection Act of 2019’.”

of 2018 Amendment Pub. L. 115–141, div. P, § 1(a), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1080, provided that: “This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Repack Airwaves Yielding Better Access for Users of Modern Services Act of 2018’ or the ‘RAY BAUM’S Act of 2018’.” Pub. L. 115–129, § 1, Feb. 26, 2018, 132 Stat. 329, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 262 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Improving Rural Call Quality and Reliability Act of 2017’.” Pub. L. 115–127, § 1, Feb. 16, 2018, 132 Stat. 326, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 623 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 623 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Kari’s Law Act of 2017’.”

of 2016 Amendment Pub. L. 114–182, title II, § 201, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 512, provided that: “This title [amending section 254 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 254 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Rural Healthcare Connectivity Act of 2016’.”

of 2014 Amendment Pub. L. 113–200, § 1(a), Dec. 4, 2014, 128 Stat. 2059, provided that: “This Act [amending section 325, 338, 534, and 543 of this title and section 111, 119, and 122 of Title 17, Copyrights, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 153, 325, 338, and 534 of this title and section 111 of Title 17, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 119 of Title 17] may be cited as the ‘STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014’.” Pub. L. 113–197, § 1, Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2055, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 622 of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 622 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Enhance Labeling, Accessing, and Branding of Electronic Licenses Act of 2014’ or the ‘E–LABEL Act’.”

of 2010 Amendment Pub. L. 111–331, § 1, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3572, provided that: “This Act [amending section 227 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009’.” Pub. L. 111–311, § 1, Dec. 15, 2010, 124 Stat. 3294, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 621 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act’ or the ‘CALM Act’.” Pub. L. 111–260, § 1(a), Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2751, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 615c and 616 to 620 of this title, amending section 153, 225, 303, 330, 402, 503, 610, and 613 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 153, 303, 613, and 619 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010’.”

of 2009 Amendment Pub. L. 111–4, § 1, Feb. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 112, provided that: “This Act [amending section 309 and 337 of this title and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 309 of this title] may be cited as the ‘DTV Delay Act’.”

of 2007 Amendment Pub. L. 110–108, § 1, Oct. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 1024, provided that: “This Act [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 151 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Internet Tax Freedom Act

Act of 2007’.”

of 2006 Amendment Pub. L. 109–459, § 1, Dec. 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3399, provided that: “This Act [enacting and repealing provisions set out as notes under section 201 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Call Home Act of 2006’.” Pub. L. 109–235, § 1, June 15, 2006, 120 Stat. 491, provided that: “This Act [amending section 503 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Broadcast Decency

Act of 2005’.”

of 2005 Amendment Pub. L. 109–21, § 1, July 9, 2005, 119 Stat. 359, provided that: “This Act [amending section 227 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 227 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005’.”

of 2004 Amendment Pub. L. 108–435, § 1, Dec. 3, 2004, 118 Stat. 2615, provided that: “This Act [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 151 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Internet Tax Nondiscrimination Act’.”

of 2002 Amendment Pub. L. 107–195, § 1, June 19, 2002, 116 Stat. 715, provided that: “This Act [amending section 309 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 309 and 337 of this title, amending provisions set out as a note under section 337 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 309 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Auction Reform Act of 2002’.”

of 2001 Amendment Pub. L. 107–75, § 1, Nov. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 703, provided that: “This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 151 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Internet Tax Nondiscrimination Act’.”

of 2000 Amendment Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title XVII, § 1731], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–350, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle C (§§ 1731–1733) of title XVII of div. B of H.R. 5666, as enacted by section 1(a)(4) of Pub. L. 106–554, amending section 254 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 254 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Neighborhood Children’s Internet Protection Act’.”

of 1999

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title V, § 5008(a)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–594, provided that: “This section [amending section 336 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 336 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Community Broadcasters Protection Act of 1999’.” Pub. L. 106–81, § 1, Oct. 26, 1999, 113 Stat. 1286, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 615 to 615b of this title, amending section 222 and 251 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 615 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999’.”

of 1998 Amendment Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title XIV, § 1401, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–736, provided that: “This title [enacting section 231 of this title, amending section 223 and 230 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 223 and 231 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Child Online Protection Act’.”

of 1996 Amendment Pub. L. 104–104, § 1(a), Feb. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 56, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 160, 161, 222, 230, 251 to 261, 271 to 276, 336, 363, 549, 560, 561, 571 to 573, 613, and 614 of this title and section 79z–5c of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, amending section 151, 153 to 155, 204, 208, 214, 220, 221, 223 to 225, 228, 302a, 303, 305, 307 to 310, 312, 319, 330, 332, 360, 382, 385, 402, 522, 531 to 534, 537, 541 to 544a, 548, 552, 556, 557, 559, and 605 of this title, section 18, 79, 79z–6, and 5714 of Title 15, and section 1462, 1465, and 2422 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 151 to 153, 156, 157, 204, 214, 223, 228, 303, 308, 332, 534, 543, and 561 of this title and section 1462 of Title 18] may be cited as the ‘Telecommunications Act of 1996’.” Pub. L. 104–104, title V, § 501, Feb. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 133, provided that: “This title [enacting section 230, 560, and 561 of this title, amending section 223, 303, 330, 531, 532, and 559 of this title and section 1462, 1465, and 2422 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 223, 303, and 561 of this title and section 1462 of Title 18] may be cited as the ‘Communications Decency Act of 1996’.”

of 1992

Pub. L. 102–385, § 1, Oct. 5, 1992, 106 Stat. 1460, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 334, 335, 534 to 537, 544a, 548, and 555a of this title, amending section 325, 332, 522, 532, 533, 541 to 544, 546, 551 to 555, and 558 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 325, 521, 531, 543, and 554 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992’.” Pub. L. 102–356, § 1, Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 949, provided that: “This Act [amending section 303b, 391, 393, and 396 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 303 and 396 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 303 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Public Telecommunications Act of 1992’.”

of 1991 Amendment Pub. L. 102–243, § 1, Dec. 20, 1991, 105 Stat. 2394, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 227 of this title, amending section 152 and 331 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 227 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991’.”

of 1990

Pub. L. 101–437, § 1, Oct. 17, 1990, 104 Stat. 996, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 303a, 303b, and 394 of this title, amending section 397 of this title, renumbering former section 394 of this title as section 393a, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 303a and 394 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Children’s Television Act of 1990’.” Pub. L. 101–437, title II, § 201, Oct. 17, 1990, 104 Stat. 997, provided that: “This title [enacting section 394 of this title, amending section 397 of this title, renumbering former section 394 of this title as section 393a, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 394 of this title] may be cited as the ‘National Endowment for Children’s Educational Television Act of 1990’.” Pub. L. 101–435, § 1, Oct. 17, 1990, 104 Stat. 986, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 226 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 226 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Telephone Operator Consumer Services Improvement Act of 1990’.” Pub. L. 101–431, § 1, Oct. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 960, provided that: “This Act [amending section 303 and 330 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 303 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990’.” Pub. L. 101–396, § 1, Sept. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 848, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 333 of this title, amending section 154, 156, 203, 303, 310, and 503 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 154 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Communications Commission Authorization Act of 1990’.”

of 1988

Pub. L. 100–626, § 1, Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3207, provided that: “This Act [amending section 391, 396, 398, 399, and 605 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 391 and 396 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Public Telecommunications Act of 1988’.” Pub. L. 100–594, § 1, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3021, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 154 to 156, 158, 204, 208, and 405 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 154 and 156 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Communications Commission Authorization Act of 1988’.” Pub. L. 100–394, § 1, Aug. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 976, provided: “That this Act [amending section 610 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 610 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Hearing Aid Compatibility Act of 1988’.”

of 1984 Amendment Pub. L. 98–549, § 1(a), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2779, provided that: “This Act [enacting subchapter V–A of this chapter and section 611 of this title, amending section 152, 224, 309, and 605 of this title, section 2511 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 1805 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 521, 543, and 605 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984’.”

of 1983

Pub. L. 98–214, § 1, Dec. 8, 1983, 97 Stat. 1467, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 157 of this title, amending section 154, 156, 223, 310, 316, 396, and 503 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 156, 223, and 303 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Communications Commission Authorization Act of 1983’.” Pub. L. 97–410, § 1, Jan. 3, 1983, 96 Stat. 2043, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 610 of this title, amending section 734 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 610 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 396 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Telecommunications for the Disabled Act of 1982’.”

of 1982 Amendment Pub. L. 97–259, title I, § 101, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1087, provided that: “This title [enacting section 332 and 510 of this title, amending section 153, 154, 155, 224, 301, 302a, 303, 304, 307, 309, 311, 312, 319, 402, 405, 408, 503, and 605 of this title and section 1114 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 302a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Communications

Act of 1982’.”

of 1981

Pub. L. 97–130, § 1, Dec 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1687, provided that: “This Act [amending section 222 of this title and section 1017 of Title 45, Railroads, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 222 of this title and section 1017 of Title 45] may be referred to as the ‘Record Carrier Competition Act of 1981’.” Pub. L. 97–35, title XII, § 1221, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 725, provided that: “This chapter [chapter 1 (§§ 1221–1234) of subtitle B of title XII of Pub. L. 97–35, enacting section 399a and 399b of this title, amending section 391, 392, 396, 397, and 399 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 396 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Public Broadcasting

Act of 1981’.”

of 1978

Pub. L. 95–567, § 1, Nov. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 2405, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 395 of this title, amending sections 390 to 392, 393, 394, and 396 to 398 of this title, repealing section 392a and 395 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 390, 392, and 396 of this title and section 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] may be cited as the ‘Public Telecommunications Financing Act of 1978’.” Pub. L. 95–234, § 1, Feb. 21, 1978, 92 Stat. 33, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 224 of this title, amending section 152, 503, and 504 of this title, repealing section 510 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Communications Act

of 1978’.”

of 1976 Amendment Pub. L. 94–309, § 1, June 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 683, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 392a of this title and amending section 390, 391, 392, 395, 397, and 399 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Educational Broadcasting Facilities and Telecommunications Demonstration Act of 1976’.”

of 1975 Amendment Pub. L. 94–192, § 1, Dec. 31, 1975, 89 Stat. 1099, provided: “That this Act [amending section 396 and 397 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Public Broadcasting Financing Act of 1975’.”

of 1971 Amendment Pub. L. 92–131, § 1, Sept. 30, 1971, 85 Stat. 363, provided that: “This Act [amending section 410 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal-State Communications Joint Board Act’.”

of 1970 Amendment Pub. L. 91–437, § 1, Oct. 7, 1970, 84 Stat. 888, provided: “That this Act [amending section 396 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Public Broadcasting Financing Act of 1970’.”

of 1969 Amendment Pub. L. 91–97, § 1, Oct. 27, 1969, 83 Stat. 146, provided: “That this Act [amending section 391 and 396 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Educational Television and Radio

of 1969’.”

of 1967 Amendment Pub. L. 90–129, § 1, Nov. 7, 1967, 81 Stat. 365, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 396, 398, and 399 of this title, amending sections 390 to 395 and 397 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 390 and 392 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Public Broadcasting Act of 1967’.”

of 1960 Amendment Pub. L. 86–752, § 1, Sept. 13, 1960, 74 Stat. 889, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 508 and 509 of this title, amending section 154, 307, 309, 311, 312, 313, 317, 319, 405, 503, and 504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 309 and 405 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Communications Act

, 1960’.”

of 1952 AmendmentAct July 16, 1952, ch. 879, § 1, 66 Stat. 711, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 1343 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 153 to 155, 307 to 312, 315, 316, 319, 402, 405, 409, and 410 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 153 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Communications Act

, 1952’.”