What does the United States import from Belgium?

America imported $27.2B in goods from Belgium in 2025. The largest categories: Pharmaceutical preparations, U.s. goods returned, and reimports, Other precious metals, Gem diamonds.

What tariffs does the U.S. have on Belgium?

The most recent U.S. tariff action toward Belgium (2026-04-06): EU treatment preserved in expanded metals tariffs.

Country exposure · BE

Belgium

Europe · Brussels · federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy

What Belgium means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.

$27.2B

U.S. imports, 2025

-2.2%

change in one year

$36.3B

U.S. exports, 2025

12M

Population

$664.6B

GDP

In your house

What you buy that Belgium makes

America bought $27.2B in goods from Belgium in 2025. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.

Pharmaceutical preparations

medicines and pharmacy items

$12.3B45.2%

U.s. goods returned, and reimports

$2.5B9.4%

Other precious metals

$1.0B3.8%

Gem diamonds

$1.0B3.8%

Passenger cars, new and used

new and used cars

$786M2.9%

Petroleum products, other

gasoline and petroleum products

$638M2.3%

Fuel oil

fuel oil

$605M2.2%

Chemicals-organic

$594M2.2%

Bakery products

$553M2%

Artwork, antiques, stamps, etc.

$524M1.9%

2026 so far (through April): $9.2B in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).

The other direction

What America sells to Belgium

$36.3B in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.

Pharmaceutical preparations

$6.9B

medicines and pharmacy items

Chemicals-organic

$3.2B

Plastic materials

$2.8B

plastics for packaging and goods

Medicinal equipment

$2.1B

medical devices and equipment

Gas-natural

$1.9B

Passenger cars, new and used

$1.4B

new and used cars

Chemicals-other

$1.4B

Natural gas liquids

$1.2B

Cell phones and other household goods, n.e.c.

$1.1B

cell phones and home electronics

Where you stand

U.S. tariff posture toward Belgium

Since February 24, 2026 most EU goods face the universal 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge, which replaced the framework's 15% all-inclusive IEEPA structure when EO 14389 terminated the reciprocal tariffs. The framework's Section 232 terms persist: EU autos at 15%, and the April 2026 metals expansion expressly preserved the EU's trade-agreement-partner treatment (steel and aluminum otherwise at 50%).

The United States negotiates tariffs with the European Union as a single market — every measure here applies to Belgium as an EU member.

Reciprocal tariff (assigned — terminated)

20%

The rate this country was assigned under the EO 14257 reciprocal Annex — no longer in force. The Supreme Court struck down the IEEPA tariffs and they were terminated February 24, 2026 (EO 14389), replaced by a universal ~10% Section 122 surcharge. See the timeline below for the current effective rate.

Section 232 sectors

Autos, Wood

Steel, aluminum, autos, and similar national-security tariffs that name this country.

Policy in motion

Tariff status: a moving target

U.S. tariff policy toward the European Union — and with it Belgium — has changed 11 times since 2025. This page tracks it.

2026-04-06
EU treatment preserved in expanded metals tariffs
In effect
The April 2026 proclamation expanding Section 232 coverage of aluminum, steel, and copper derivatives expressly does not alter or supersede the prior U.S.–EU agreement implementation, and lists the EU among 'Trade Agreement Partners' eligible for its exclusion process.
91 FR 18201 →
2026-02-24
IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122
In effect
Executive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties — including those under EO 14257, the basis of the EU's 15% all-inclusive structure — effective February 24, 2026. A flat 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge (Proclamation 11012 of February 20, 2026) replaced them. The framework's Section 232 terms (the 15% EU autos cap, metals carve-outs) rest on separate authority and were expressly unaffected.
91 FR 9437 →
2025-09-25
Framework implemented: preferential treatment for certain EU goods
In effect
Acting under the September 8, 2025 procedures order, Commerce and USTR modified the HTSUS to implement the framework — preferential (zero) reciprocal treatment for certain EU goods and a reduction of the Section 232 automobile and parts duty to 15% for EU-origin vehicles.
90 FR 46136 →
2025-08-21
U.S.–EU Framework Agreement joint statement
Agreement
The United States and the European Union issued the Joint Statement on a Framework on an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade: the U.S. committed to the 15% all-inclusive ceiling, zero reciprocal duty on certain products, and a cut of the Section 232 automobile duty to 15%; the EU committed to eliminate tariffs on U.S. industrial goods and expand agricultural access, plus $750B in U.S. energy procurement through 2028.
Source ↗
2025-08-07
15% all-inclusive structure replaces the 20% rate
In effect
The July 31, 2025 order ('Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates') gave the EU a unique structure effective August 7, 2025: for goods with an MFN (Column 1) rate below 15%, the reciprocal duty tops the total up to exactly 15%; goods with an MFN rate of 15% or higher pay no additional reciprocal duty.
Federal Register · 2025-15010 →
2025-07-09
Reciprocal-rate pause extended to August 1
In effect
The July 7, 2025 order extended the suspension of country-specific reciprocal rates through August 1, 2025, keeping the EU at the 10% baseline while framework talks continued.
90 FR 30823 →
2025-06-04
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties doubled to 50%
In effect
The June 3, 2025 proclamation raised Section 232 duties on steel and aluminum articles and derivatives from 25% to 50% effective June 4, 2025, with no EU carve-out.
90 FR 24199 →
2025-04-10
90-day pause suspends the 20% rate back to 10%
In effect
The April 9, 2025 modification order suspended country-specific reciprocal rates for 90 days for all partners except China, returning the EU to the 10% universal baseline effective April 10, 2025 while negotiations proceeded.
90 FR 15625 →
2025-04-09
EU country-specific reciprocal rate of 20% takes effect
In effect
Annex I of Executive Order 14257 assigned the European Union a 20% country-specific reciprocal rate, effective April 9, 2025 — the rate still carried for the EU in the HTS Chapter 99 Subchapter III note.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →
2025-04-05
Universal 10% reciprocal baseline takes effect
In effect
Executive Order 14257 (signed April 2, 2025) imposed a 10% ad valorem reciprocal duty on imports from all trading partners, including the EU, effective April 5, 2025. The order singled out the EU's 5% average MFN rate and 10% passenger-vehicle tariff as examples of non-reciprocal treatment.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →
2025-03-12
Section 232 steel and aluminum arrangements terminated — 25% duties on EU metals
In effect
Proclamations of February 10, 2025 ended the EU's tariff-rate-quota arrangements for steel and aluminum and raised the aluminum duty from 10% to 25%, applying 25% Section 232 duties to EU steel and aluminum effective March 12, 2025.
90 FR 9817 →

Compare all countries’ tariffs →Your tariff impact →

Made for America

What Belgium makes for America

Belgium is a direct U.S. source of 12 essential goods Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.

health

7% of U.S.

Cancer and specialty drugs

$5.6B to the U.S.

health

39% of U.S.

Vaccines

$3.7B to the U.S.

health

2% of U.S.

OTC medicines

$2.0B to the U.S.

materials

5% of U.S.

Jewelry

$1.0B to the U.S.

materials

Vehicles and light trucks

$786M to the U.S.

energy

3% of U.S.

Home heating oil

$605M to the U.S.

energy

3% of U.S.

Gasoline and diesel

$540M to the U.S.

materials

2% of U.S.

Steel and iron products

$488M to the U.S.

food

7% of U.S.

Frozen foods

$361M to the U.S.

food

5% of U.S.

Chocolate and cocoa products

$302M to the U.S.

materials

1% of U.S.

Aluminum and aluminum products

$155M to the U.S.

food

2% of U.S.

Snacks & confectionery

$150M to the U.S.

Go deeper

The supply chain view

Belgium sits upstream of 24 essential American goods through 12 tracked inputs.

pharmaceutical

100%

AS01B Adjuvant System (GSK proprietary)

mineral

70%

Nickel sulfate (battery grade)

chemical

50%

Amine Desulfurization Chemicals

pharmaceutical

40%

Malaria Vaccine (R21/Matrix-M, RTS,S)

mineral

30%

Battery-Grade Zinc Powder

manufactured

25%

Spent Autocatalysts (Secondary PGM Feedstock)

Full supply-map profile →

Reference

The country itself

Europe · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.

Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. In recent years, longstanding tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. The capital city of Brussels is home to numerous international organizations, including the EU and NATO.

Geography

Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands
Area: 30,528 sq km
Climate: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Terrain: flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast
Natural resources: construction materials, silica sand, carbonates, arable land
Coastline: 66.5 km
Natural hazards: flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes

People & society

Population: 11,960,170 (2025 est.)
Nationality: Belgian(s)
Ethnic groups: Belgian 75.2%, Italian 4.1%, Moroccan 3.7%, French 2.4%, Turkish 2%, Dutch 2%, other 10.6% (2012 est.)
Languages: Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%
Religions: Roman Catholic 57.1%, Protestant 2.3%, other Christian, 2.8%, Muslim 6.8%, other 1.7%, atheist 9.1%, nonbeliever/agnostic 20.2% (2018 est.)
Median age: 42.4 years (2025 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 82.3 years (2024 est.)

Economy

Economic overview: high-income, core EU and eurozone economy; slow growth with weakened domestic consumption and export demand; high public debt and structural deficits linked to social spending; aging workforce with weak productivity growth and participation rates
Industries: engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum
Agricultural products: sugar beets, milk, potatoes, wheat, pork, lettuce, maize, chicken, barley, pears (2023)
Exports - partners: France 20%, Netherlands 15%, Germany 14%, Italy 6%, USA 5% (2023)
Imports - partners: Netherlands 20%, Germany 13%, France 11%, USA 7%, Ireland 4% (2023)

Government

Government type: federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Independence: 4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)
Constitution: drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)
Executive branch: King PHILIPPE (since 21 July 2013)
Legislative branch: Federal Parliament (Parlement fédéral - Federaal Parlement - Föderales Parlament)

Full reference data

Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.

Introduction

Background

Travel Facts

US State Dept Travel Advisory

The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise increased caution in Belgium due to terrorism. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html

Passport/Visa Requirements

US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 3 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 2 blank pages in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required as long as you do not stay in the country more than 90 days.

US Embassy/Consulate

[32] (2) 811-4500; US Embassy Brussels, Regentlaan 27 Boulevard du Régent, B-1000 Brussels; https://be.usembassy.gov/; uscitizenBrussels@state.gov

Telephone Code

Local Emergency Phone

112 (cell)/ 101

Vaccinations

See WHO recommendations http://www.who.int/

Climate

Temperate; mild winters, cool summers, rainy, humid, cloudy

Currency (Code)

Euro (EUR)

Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)

230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, E

Major Languages

Dutch, French, German

Major Religions

Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant and other Christian 2.5%, Muslim 5%, Jewish 0.4%, Buddhist 0.3%, atheist 9.2%, none 32.6%

Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March, ends last Sunday in October

Potable Water

Yes

International Driving Permit

Suggested

Road Driving Side

Right

Tourist Destinations

Brussels (includes Grote Markt (Grand Place) and Saint-Cyr House); Brugge (includes Market Square and Basilica of the Holy Blood); Antwerp; Ghent; Waterloo

Major Sports

Soccer, volleyball, table tennis, tennis, badminton

Cultural Practices

Cleanliness is a source of pride in Belgium, where people can be seen washing the pavement in front of their house or sweeping the street.

Tipping Guidelines

Tipping in restaurants is not expected because a 10-15% service charge is generally applied to a bill. Tips are not expected in taxis, but feel free to let your driver keep the change as a gratuity.

Souvenirs

Handmade lace, woven tapestries and rugs, diamonds, beer, chocolate, perfume, antiques

Traditional Cuisine

Moules-frites — fresh mussels cooked in olive oil and white wine with garlic, thyme, and shallots served with potato fries

CIA source last updated

Wednesday, October 05, 2022

Travel resources

Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Wednesday, October 05, 2022

Geography

Location

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands

Geographic coordinates

50 50 N, 4 00 E

Map references

Europe

Area - total

30,528 sq km

Area - land

30,278 sq km

Area - water

250 sq km

Area - comparative

about the size of Maryland

Land boundaries - total

1,297 km

Land boundaries - border countries

France 556 km; Germany 133 km; Luxembourg 130 km; Netherlands 478 km

Coastline

66.5 km

Maritime claims - territorial sea

12 nm

Maritime claims - contiguous zone

24 nm

Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone

geographic coordinates define outer limit

Maritime claims - continental shelf

median line with neighbors

Climate

temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Terrain

flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast

Elevation - highest point

Botrange 694 m

Elevation - lowest point

North Sea 0 m

Elevation - mean elevation

181 m

Natural resources

construction materials, silica sand, carbonates, arable land

Land use - agricultural land

44.4% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 28.3% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.8% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 15.3% (2023 est.)

Land use - forest

22% (2023 est.)

Land use - other

33.6% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

57 sq km (2013)

Major watersheds (area sq km) - Atlantic Ocean drainage

Seine (78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

Population distribution

most of the population is concentrated in the northern two thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world, with approximately 97% living in urban areas

Natural hazards

flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes

Geography - note

crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals are within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the EU and NATO

People and Society

Population - total

11,960,170 (2025 est.)

Population - male

5,907,498

Population - female

6,052,672

Nationality - noun

Belgian(s)

Nationality - adjective

Belgian

Ethnic groups

Belgian 75.2%, Italian 4.1%, Moroccan 3.7%, French 2.4%, Turkish 2%, Dutch 2%, other 10.6% (2012 est.)

Languages - Languages

Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%

Languages - major-language sample(s)

Het Wereld Feitenboek, een onmisbare bron van informatie. (Dutch) The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

Roman Catholic 57.1%, Protestant 2.3%, other Christian, 2.8%, Muslim 6.8%, other 1.7%, atheist 9.1%, nonbeliever/agnostic 20.2% (2018 est.)

Age structure - 0-14 years

16.9% (male 1,038,578/female 990,215)

Age structure - 15-64 years

62.8% (male 3,796,844/female 3,730,784)

Age structure - 65 years and over

20.2% (2024 est.) (male 1,073,635/female 1,347,578)

Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio

57.6 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio

24.9 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio

32.6 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios - potential support ratio

3.1 (2025 est.)

Median age - total

42.4 years (2025 est.)

Median age - male

40.8 years

Median age - female

43.1 years

Population growth rate

0.45% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

9.09 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

9.55 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

4.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization - urban population

98.2% of total population (2023)

Urbanization - rate of urbanization

0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

2.122 million BRUSSELS (capital), 1.057 million Antwerp (2023)

Sex ratio - at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - 0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - 15-64 years

1.02 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - 65 years and over

0.8 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.2 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate - total

3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate - male

3.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate - female

2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth - total population

82.3 years (2024 est.)

Life expectancy at birth - male

79.7 years

Life expectancy at birth - female

85 years

Total fertility rate

1.46 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.71 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source - improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

11% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

15.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

6.53 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

5.5 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access - improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita - total

9.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - beer

4.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - wine

3.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits

1.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols

0.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use - total

24.1% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use - male

26.4% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use - female

22% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

0.3% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

52.4% (2021 est.)

Child marriage - women married by age 15

0% (2020)

Child marriage - women married by age 18

0.1% (2020)

Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)

6.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)

12% national budget (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total

19 years (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male

18 years (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female

20 years (2022 est.)

Government

Country name - conventional long form

Kingdom of Belgium

Country name - conventional short form

Belgium

Country name - local long form

Royaume de Belgique (French)/Koninkrijk Belgie (Dutch)/Koenigreich Belgien (German)

Country name - local short form

Belgique/Belgie/Belgien

Country name - etymology

the name derives from the Belgae, an ancient Celtic tribal confederation that inhabited an area between the English Channel and the west bank of the Rhine in the first centuries B.C.

Government type

federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy

Capital - name

Brussels

Capital - geographic coordinates

50 84 N, 4 35 E

Capital - time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Capital - daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Capital - etymology

the name is of Germanic origin, from broca (marsh) and sali (room or building)

Administrative divisions

3 regions (French: régions , singular - région ; Dutch: gewesten , singular - gewest ); Brussels-Capital Region, also known as Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (Dutch), R é gion de Bruxelles-Capitale (French long form), Bruxelles-Capitale (French short form); Flemish Region (Flanders), also known as Vlaams Gewest (Dutch long form), Vlaanderen (Dutch short form), Région Flamande (French long form), Flandre (French short form); Walloon Region (Wallonia), also known as Région Wallonne (French long form), Wallonie (French short form), Waals Gewest (Dutch long form), Wallonie (Dutch short form)

Administrative divisions - note

note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; the 2012 sixth state reform transferred additional competencies from the federal state to the regions and linguistic communities

Legal system

civil law system based on the French Civil Code; judicial review of legislative acts

Constitution - history

drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)

Constitution - amendment process

"revisions" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship - citizenship by birth

Citizenship - citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Belgium

Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized

yes

Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch - chief of state

King PHILIPPE (since 21 July 2013)

Executive branch - head of government

Prime Minister Bart DE WEVER (since 3 February 2025)

Executive branch - cabinet

Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch

Executive branch - election/appointment process

the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister, which the legislature approves

Legislative branch - legislature name

Federal Parliament (Parlement fédéral - Federaal Parlement - Föderales Parlament)

Legislative branch - legislative structure

bicameral

Legislative branch - note

note: the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this results in six governments, each with its own legislative assembly

Legislative branch - lower chamber - chamber name

House of Representatives (Chambre des Représentants)

Legislative branch - lower chamber - number of seats

150 (all directly elected)

Legislative branch - lower chamber - electoral system

proportional representation

Legislative branch - lower chamber - scope of elections

full renewal

Legislative branch - lower chamber - term in office

5 years

Legislative branch - lower chamber - most recent election date

6/9/2024

Legislative branch - lower chamber - parties elected and seats per party

New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) (24); Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) (20); Movement for Reform (MR) (20); Socialist Party in Wallonia (PS) (16); Workers' Party of Belgium (PTB*PVDA) (15); LES ENGAGÉS (14); Vooruit (13); Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) (11); Other (17)

Legislative branch - lower chamber - percentage of women in chamber

41.3%

Legislative branch - lower chamber - expected date of next election

June 2029

Legislative branch - upper chamber - chamber name

Senate (Sénat - Senaat - Senat)

Legislative branch - upper chamber - number of seats

60 (all indirectly elected)

Legislative branch - upper chamber - scope of elections

full renewal

Legislative branch - upper chamber - term in office

5 years

Legislative branch - upper chamber - most recent election date

7/18/2024

Legislative branch - upper chamber - percentage of women in chamber

47.5%

Legislative branch - upper chamber - expected date of next election

July 2029

Judicial branch - highest court(s)

Constitutional Court or Grondwettelijk Hof (in Dutch) and Cour Constitutionelle (in French) (consists of 12 judges - 6 Dutch-speaking and 6 French-speaking); Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) and Cour de Cassation (in French) (court organized into 3 chambers: civil and commercial; criminal; social, fiscal, and armed forces; each chamber includes a Dutch division and a French division, each with a chairperson and 5-6 judges)

Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office

Constitutional Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by Parliament; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by the High Council of Justice, a 44-member independent body of judicial and non-judicial members; judges appointed for life

Judicial branch - subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; regional courts; specialized courts for administrative, commercial, labor, immigration, and audit issues; magistrate's courts; justices of the peace

Political parties

Flemish parties: Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V Vooruit or Forward (formerly Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A) Groen or Green (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) New Flemish Alliance or N-VA Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) Francophone Federalist Democrats or Defi Les Engages (formerly Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH) Movement for Reform or MR Socialist Party or PS Workers' Party or PVDA-PTB

Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission

Ambassador Frédéric BERNARD (since 25 February 2025)

Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery

1430 K Street NW, Washington DC 20005

Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone

[1] (202) 333-6900

Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX

[1] (202) 338-4960

Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website

Washington@diplobel.fed.be https://unitedstates.diplomatie.belgium.be/en

Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission

Ambassador Bill WHITE (since 17 November 2025)

Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy

Regentlaan 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels

Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address

7600 Brussels Place, Washington DC 20521-7600

Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone

[32] (2) 811-4000

Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX

[32] (2) 811-4500

Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website

uscitizenBrussels@state.gov https://be.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional members), AfDB (nonregional members), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Independence

4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)

National holiday

Belgian National Day (ascension to the throne of King LEOPOLD I), 21 July (1831)

Flag

description: three equal vertical bands of black (left side), yellow, and red history: the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are from the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field)

National symbol(s)

golden rampant lion

National color(s)

red, black, yellow

National anthem(s) - title

"La Brabançonne" (The Song of Brabant)

National anthem(s) - lyrics/music

Louis-Alexandre DECHET [French] and Victor CEULEMANS [Dutch]/Francois VAN CAMPENHOUT

National anthem(s) - history

adopted 1830; according to legend Louis-Alexandre DECHET, an actor at the theater where the revolution against the Netherlands began, wrote the lyrics with a group of young people in a Brussels cafe

National heritage - total World Heritage Sites

16 (15 cultural, 1 natural)

National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales

Belfries of Belgium (c); Historic Brugge (c); The Grand Place, Brussels (c); Major Town Houses of Victor Horta (c); Notre-Dame Cathedral, Tournai (c); Spa, Liege (c); Primeval Beech Forests - Sonian Wood (n); Stoclet Palace (c)

Economy

Economic overview

high-income, core EU and eurozone economy; slow growth with weakened domestic consumption and export demand; high public debt and structural deficits linked to social spending; aging workforce with weak productivity growth and participation rates

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$749.229 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$741.672 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$732.865 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024

1% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023

1.2% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022

4.3% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate - note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024

$63,100 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023

$62,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022

$62,700 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita - note

note: data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

$664.564 billion (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate) - note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

3.1% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

4% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

9.6% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture

0.8% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry

17.6% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services

72.1% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption

50.4% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption

23.8% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital

24.4% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories

1% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services

84.2% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services

-84.8% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

sugar beets, milk, potatoes, wheat, pork, lettuce, maize, chicken, barley, pears (2023)

Agricultural products - note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate

-0.6% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate - note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force

5.416 million (2024 est.)

Labor force - note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024

5.5% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023

5.6% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022

5.6% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate - note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total

16.8% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male

18.6% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female

14.7% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line

12.3% (2022 est.)

Population below poverty line - note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

26.4 (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures - on food

12.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco

4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%

3.8% (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%

22.2% (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share - note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances - Remittances 2024

2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)

Remittances - Remittances 2023

2.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances - Remittances 2022

2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances - note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget - revenues

$220.657 billion (2022 est.)

Budget - expenditures

$235.767 billion (2022 est.)

Budget - note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt - Public debt 2022

92.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

Public debt - note

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues

22.7% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

Taxes and other revenues - note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance - Current account balance 2024

-$5.679 billion (2024 est.)

Current account balance - Current account balance 2023

-$4.503 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance - Current account balance 2022

-$7.031 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance - note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports - Exports 2024

$525.458 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - Exports 2023

$542.508 billion (2023 est.)

Exports - Exports 2022

$565.233 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners

France 20%, Netherlands 15%, Germany 14%, Italy 6%, USA 5% (2023)

Exports - partners - note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities

refined petroleum, natural gas, vaccines, cars, packaged medicine (2023)

Exports - commodities - note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - Imports 2024

$531.029 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - Imports 2023

$546.426 billion (2023 est.)

Imports - Imports 2022

$573.192 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners

Netherlands 20%, Germany 13%, France 11%, USA 7%, Ireland 4% (2023)

Imports - partners - note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities

cars, natural gas, vaccines, packaged medicine, crude petroleum (2023)

Imports - commodities - note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$41.449 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$40.813 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$41.274 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Exchange rates - Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024

0.924 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023

0.925 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022

0.95 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020

0.876 (2020 est.)

Energy

Electricity access - electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

28.248 million kW (2023 est.)

Electricity - consumption

74.537 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity - exports

18.279 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity - imports

18.626 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity - transmission/distribution losses

3.147 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels

24.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - nuclear

40.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - solar

9.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - wind

20% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity

-0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Belgium has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower

Electricity generation sources - biomass and waste

6.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy - Number of operational nuclear reactors

4 (2025)

Nuclear energy - Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

3.46GW (2025 est.)

Nuclear energy - Percent of total electricity production

41.2% (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy - Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

3 (2025)

Coal - production

1.269 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal - consumption

4.372 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal - exports

184,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal - imports

4.046 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal - proven reserves

4.1 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum - total petroleum production

11,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption

596,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Natural gas - production

12.938 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

14.382 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas - exports

8.461 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas - imports

23.007 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023

190.416 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions

2.49 million (2024 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

21 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions

12.2 million (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

104 (2024 est.)

Broadcast media

a segmented market with the three major linguistic communities (Flemish-, French-, and German-speaking) each responsible for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; over 90% of households are connected to cable and can access TV broadcasts from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network coexisting with private broadcasters

Internet country code

.be

Internet users - percent of population

95% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total

5.12 million (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

44 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports

48 (2025)

Heliports

112 (2025)

Railways - total

3,602 km (2020) 3,160 km electrified

Merchant marine - total

198 (2023)

Merchant marine - by type

bulk carrier 17, container ship 2, general cargo 16, oil tanker 21, other 142

Ports - total ports

7 (2024)

Ports - large

Ports - medium

Ports - small

Ports - very small

Ports - ports with oil terminals

Ports - key ports

Antwerpen, Bruxelles, Ghent, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Belgian Armed Forces (Defensie or La Défense): Land Component, Marine (Naval) Component, Air Component, Medical Component, Cyber Command (2025)

Military and security forces - note

note: the Belgian Federal Police is the national police force and responsible for internal security and nationwide law and order, including migration and border enforcement

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024

1.3% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023

1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022

1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021

1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 23,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the armed forces have a mix of weapons systems from European suppliers and the US; Belgium has an export-focused defense industry that focuses on components and subcontracting (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; maximum age varies by position; conscription abolished in 1995 (2025)

Military service age and obligation - note

note 1: in 2024, women comprised about 11% of the military's full-time personnel note 2: foreign nationals 18-34 years of age who speak Dutch or French and are citizens of EU countries, Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland may apply to join the military

Military deployments

has on average about 1,000 personnel deployed on foreign missions, including more than 300 ground forces deployed in Eastern Europe for the defense of NATO's eastern flank (2025)

Military - note

the Belgian military's responsibilities include territorial defense, humanitarian/disaster relief, assistance to the police if required, international peacekeeping missions, and support to its NATO and EU security commitments, which Belgium considers vital components of its national security policy; outside of the country, the military operates almost always within an international organization or a coalition; Belgium was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949; it hosts the NATO headquarters in Brussels; Belgium also cooperates bilaterally with neighboring countries, such as Luxembourg and the Netherlands, in conducting joint patrols of their respective air spaces and in a composite combined special operations command with Denmark and the Netherlands (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Terrorist group(s) - note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees

236,689 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons

849 (2024 est.)

Illicit drugs - USG identification

major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

Environment

Environmental issues

urbanization; possible risks from industry and intensive farming; air and water pollution

International environmental agreements - party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Climate

temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Land use - agricultural land

44.4% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 28.3% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.8% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 15.3% (2023 est.)

Land use - forest

22% (2023 est.)

Land use - other

33.6% (2023 est.)

Urbanization - urban population

98.2% of total population (2023)

Urbanization - rate of urbanization

0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions

112.083 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke

8.166 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids

76.635 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions - from consumed natural gas

27.282 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

12.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually

4.766 million tons (2024 est.)

Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled

31.7% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal - municipal

740.19 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal - industrial

4.14 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal - agricultural

41.97 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources

18.3 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Geoparks - total global geoparks and regional networks

2 (2024)

Geoparks - global geoparks and regional networks

Famenne-Ardenne; Schelde Delta (includes Netherlands) (2024)

Space

Space agency/agencies

Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy-Interfederal Space Agency of Belgium (BIRA-IASB; established 1964; IASB added 2017); Belgium Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) (2025)

Space program overview

builds satellites, particularly research/science/technology and remote sensing platforms; researches, develops, and produces a wide variety of space technologies, including telecommunications, optics, robotics, scientific instruments, and space launch vehicle components; founding member of the ESA and participates in a variety of ESA and EU projects, such as Space Surveillance and Tracking, Copernicus Earth observation, and Galileo global navigation satellite system; hosts the European Space Security and Education Center (established 1968); participates in international astronomy efforts, particularly through the European Southern Observatory (ESO); has worked with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities outside Europe, including those of Argentina, China, India, Russia, South Africa, UAE, Vietnam, and the US (2025)

Key space-program milestones

1986 - joined first European Earth Observation program; founding member of European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites 1992 - first Belgian astronaut in space on the US Space Shuttle 2001 - first remote sensing satellite (PROBA-1) launched by India 2024 - signed US-led Artemis Accords outlining best practices for space exploration

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