Country exposure · MX
Mexico
North America · Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico) · federal presidential republic
What Mexico means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.
$534.3B
U.S. imports, 2025
+6.2%
change in one year
$337.3B
U.S. exports, 2025
131M
Population
$1.9T
GDP
In your house
What you buy that Mexico makes
America bought $534.3B in goods from Mexico in 2025. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.
Computers
laptops, desktops, monitors
$84.6B15.8%
Other parts and accessories of vehicles
car parts and accessories
$65.6B12.3%
Passenger cars, new and used
new and used cars
$43.8B8.2%
Trucks, buses, and special purpose vehicles
trucks, buses, SUVs
$43.3B8.1%
Electric apparatus
$26.5B5%
Telecommunications equipment
phones, routers, networking gear
$18.3B3.4%
Medicinal equipment
medical devices and equipment
$15.2B2.8%
Engines and engine parts
$13.3B2.5%
Industrial machines, other
$13.0B2.4%
Fruits, frozen juices
fruit and frozen juices
$11.1B2.1%
2026 so far (through April): $188.7B in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).
The other direction
What America sells to Mexico
$337.3B in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.
Computer accessories
$28.1Bkeyboards, drives, computer parts
Other parts and accessories of vehicles
$22.9Bcar parts and accessories
Petroleum products, other
$20.7BElectric apparatus
$20.0BSemiconductors
$18.5Bsemiconductors and chips
Other industrial supplies
$10.9BPlastic materials
$9.6Bplastics for packaging and goods
Finished metal shapes
$8.9BMinimum value shipments
$8.8BWhere you stand
U.S. tariff posture toward Mexico
No U.S. tariff action singles this country out. Its goods face the universal 10% temporary import surcharge under Section 122 of the Trade Act (which replaced the IEEPA reciprocal baseline in February 2026) plus the sectoral Section 232 duties — steel and aluminum at 50% — that apply to all countries. The Section 122 surcharge is statutorily temporary — scheduled to lapse on or about July 23, 2026 (a 150-day cap) unless extended or replaced.
Reciprocal tariff (universal baseline)
10%
The universal 10% floor — a Section 122 import surcharge since February 2026, previously the EO 14257 reciprocal baseline — applies to nearly all U.S. imports. This country has no higher assigned rate of its own.
Policy in motion
Tariff status: a moving target
No U.S. tariff action names Mexico. These are the universal measures — applied to every country without a country-specific arrangement — that set its treatment.
2026-04-06
Section 232 metals coverage expanded
In effectThe April 2026 proclamation strengthening Section 232 actions on aluminum, steel, and copper expanded derivative-product coverage for all countries, keeping the general metals rate at 50%.
91 FR 18201 →2026-02-24
IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122 surcharge
In effectExecutive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties — including the EO 14257 reciprocal baseline — effective February 24, 2026. A flat 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge (Proclamation 11012 of February 20, 2026) replaced them, leaving the universal rate unchanged at 10% on a different statutory basis. Section 122 caps such surcharges at 150 days, so this 10% surcharge is scheduled to lapse on or about July 23, 2026 absent further action (the administration has signaled it could raise the rate toward the 15% statutory maximum).
91 FR 9437 →2025-11-13
Agricultural products exempted from reciprocal tariffs
In effectExecutive Order 14360 of November 14, 2025 removed reciprocal duties from certain agricultural products listed in its annexes (coffee, cocoa, bananas, and other goods the U.S. does not produce in sufficient quantity), retroactive to November 13, 2025 — for all countries subject to the reciprocal tariff.
90 FR 54091 →2025-06-04
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties doubled to 50%
In effectThe June 3, 2025 proclamation raised Section 232 duties on steel and aluminum articles and derivatives from 25% to 50% for all countries, effective June 4, 2025.
90 FR 24199 →2025-04-05
Universal 10% reciprocal baseline takes effect
In effectExecutive Order 14257 (signed April 2, 2025) imposed a 10% ad valorem reciprocal duty on imports from all trading partners, effective April 5, 2025. Countries without a higher Annex I rate remain at this baseline.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →2025-03-12
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties set at 25% for all countries
In effectProclamations of February 10, 2025 terminated all country exemptions and quota arrangements and applied 25% Section 232 duties to steel and aluminum imports from every country, effective March 12, 2025.
90 FR 9817 →
Made for America
What Mexico makes for America
Mexico is a direct U.S. source of 12 essential goods Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.
digital
46% of U.S.Servers and cloud hardware
$82.1B to the U.S.
materials
33% of U.S.Vehicles and light trucks
$69.8B to the U.S.
materials
46% of U.S.Auto parts and repairs
$57.0B to the U.S.
grocery
54% of U.S.Fresh produce staples
$16.7B to the U.S.
digital
15% of U.S.Fiber optic cables and networking
$13.2B to the U.S.
food
44% of U.S.Beer, wine, and spirits
$9.8B to the U.S.
digital
82% of U.S.Televisions
$9.0B to the U.S.
materials
48% of U.S.Home appliances
$5.4B to the U.S.
materials
27% of U.S.Copper and electrical wiring
$5.1B to the U.S.
materials
32% of U.S.HVAC systems and equipment
$4.9B to the U.S.
health
26% of U.S.Surgical and sterile supplies
$4.4B to the U.S.
digital
8% of U.S.Computers and laptops
$4.0B to the U.S.
Go deeper
The supply chain view
Mexico sits upstream of 24 essential American goods through 12 tracked inputs.
agricultural
100%Blue Weber Agave (Tequila)
agricultural
89%Corn Masa Flour (Nixtamal)
manufactured
84%Pyrotechnic Airbag Inflator / Gas Generator
manufactured
82%Large-Format Display Panel (LCD/OLED TV)
manufactured
79%Bobtail Delivery Trucks
agricultural
75%Whole Milk Powder
Reference
The country itself
North America · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.
Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018. The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA. Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.
Geography
- Location
- North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States
- Area
- 1,964,375 sq km
- Climate
- varies from tropical to desert
- Terrain
- high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert
- Natural resources
- petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
- Coastline
- 9,330 km
- Natural hazards
- tsunamis along the Pacific coast; volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of America, and Caribbean coasts volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m) is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
People & society
- Population
- 130,739,927 (2024 est.)
- Nationality
- Mexican(s)
- Ethnic groups
- Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)
- Languages
- Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.)
- Religions
- Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions (2020 est.)
- Median age
- 31 years (2025 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth
- 74.6 years (2024 est.)
- Literacy
- 95% (2020 est.)
Economy
- Economic overview
- upper-middle-income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; weak domestic demand, fiscal consolidation, and trade uncertainty contributing to sluggish growth; low unemployment; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence
- Industries
- food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism
- Agricultural products
- sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023)
- Exports - partners
- USA 76%, Canada 5%, China 2%, Germany 2%, Spain 1% (2023)
- Imports - partners
- USA 46%, China 20%, Germany 4%, Japan 3%, S. Korea 3% (2023)
Government
- Government type
- federal presidential republic
- Capital
- Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)
- Independence
- 16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)
- Constitution
- several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917
- Executive branch
- President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)
- Legislative branch
- Congress of the Union (Congreso de la Unión)
Full reference data
Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.
Introduction
Background
Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018. The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA. Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.
Travel Facts
US State Dept Travel Advisory
Depending on the area of Mexico to be visited, the US Department of State currently recommends US citizens follow a range of travel guidance from Exercise Normal Precautions to DO NOT TRAVEL. Some areas of Mexico have increased risk of crime and kidnapping. Violent crime such as homicide, kidnapping, carjacking, and robbery is widespread and common in Mexico. The U.S. government has limited ability to provide emergency services to U.S. citizens in many areas of Mexico, as travel by U.S. government employees to certain areas is prohibited or restricted. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances for specific destinations within the country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements
US citizens should make sure their passport is valid at the date of their entering the country. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required if stay is less than 180 days.
US Embassy/Consulate
(011- 52-55) 5080-2000; US Embassy in Mexico City, Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, D.F.; ACSMexicoCity@state.gov; https://mx.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code
52
Local Emergency Phone
Ambulance: 065; Fire: 068; Police: 060
Vaccinations
See WHO recommendations http://www.who.int/
Climate
Varies from tropical to desert
Currency (Code)
Mexican pesos (MXN)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)
120 V / 60 Hz / plug types(s): A, B
Major Languages
Spanish, indigenous languages
Major Religions
Roman Catholic 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%, Jehovah's Witness 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%
Time Difference
UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October; note: Mexico has four time zones
Potable Water
Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit
Suggested; additionally, if you plan to drive in Mexico, you will need an Inter-American Driving Permit issued by the AAA
Road Driving Side
Right
Tourist Destinations
Cancún and Mayan Riviera; Puerto Vallarta; Cabo San Lucas and Los Cabos Corridor; Copper Canyon; Teotihuacan; Calakmul; Palenque; Mexico City's Historic Center (includes Templo Mayor, Metropolitan Cathedral, National Museum of Anthropology); Chichén Itzá
Major Sports
Soccer, baseball, basketball, boxing
Cultural Practices
When greeting in social situations, women pat each other on the right forearm or shoulder, rather than shake hands.
Tipping Guidelines
It is customary to tip 10-20% of the total bill in restaurants. Taxi drivers do not expect a tip, but giving them 10 pesos is appreciated, especially if they help with your luggage. Tip porters and bellhops 12-26 pesos per bag or more if you have a lot of luggage. Leave 13 pesos a night for housekeeping.
Souvenirs
Talavera tiles/pottery, wooden instruments, sombrero hats, ponchos, animal figurines, leather goods, woven hammocks, Lucha Libre masks, Huarache shoes, Day of the Dead Souvenirs, mole and other sauces
Traditional Cuisine
Tacos; Mole poblano — a thick dark red-brown sauce made with dried poblano peppers and chocolate; typically served with chicken or turkey; Chiles en nogada — poblano chile peppers stuffed with picadillo (a mixture of shredded meat, spices, fruits, and spices) topped with nogada (a walnut-based cream sauce), pomegranate seeds, and parsley
CIA source last updated
Thursday, August 18, 2022
Travel resources
Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.
World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.
US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.
To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)
How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444
Page last updated: Thursday, August 18, 2022
Geography
Location
North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States
Geographic coordinates
23 00 N, 102 00 W
Map references
North America
Area - total
1,964,375 sq km
Area - land
1,943,945 sq km
Area - water
20,430 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries - total
4,389 km
Land boundaries - border countries
Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km
Coastline
9,330 km
Maritime claims - territorial sea
12 nm
Maritime claims - contiguous zone
24 nm
Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Maritime claims - continental shelf
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate
varies from tropical to desert
Terrain
high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert
Elevation - highest point
Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m
Elevation - lowest point
Laguna Salada -10 m
Elevation - mean elevation
1,111 m
Natural resources
petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Land use - agricultural land
50.7% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
34.2% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
15.1% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
59,910 sq km (2022)
Major lakes (area sq km) - fresh water lake(s)
Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km
Major lakes (area sq km) - salt water lake(s)
Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km)
Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Gulf of America) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Pacific Ocean drainage
(Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)
Major aquifers
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer
Population distribution
most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City
Natural hazards
tsunamis along the Pacific coast; volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of America, and Caribbean coasts volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m) is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note
note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes note 2: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see "Geography - note" under United States) note 3: the prominent Yucatán Peninsula that divides the Gulf of America from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; on the northern coast of Yucatan near the town of Chicxulub lie the remnants of a massive asteroid or comet crater about 150 km (93 mi) in diameter and extending into the Gulf of America; the impact is believed to have initiated a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of the earth's plant and animal species, including the non-avian dinosaurs
People and Society
Population - total
130,739,927 (2024 est.)
Population - male
63,899,138
Population - female
66,840,789
Nationality - noun
Mexican(s)
Nationality - adjective
Mexican
Ethnic groups
Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)
Ethnic groups - note
note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity
Languages - Languages
Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.)
Languages - major-language sample(s)
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions (2020 est.)
Age structure - 0-14 years
23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004)
Age structure - 15-64 years
68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174)
Age structure - 65 years and over
8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)
Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio
45.9 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio
33.9 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio
11.9 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - potential support ratio
8.4 (2024 est.)
Median age - total
31 years (2025 est.)
Median age - male
28.8 years
Median age - female
32.7 years
Population growth rate
0.81% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
14.73 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City
Urbanization - urban population
81.6% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)
Sex ratio - at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 15-64 years
0.95 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 65 years and over
0.75 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - total population
0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
21.3 years (2008 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
42 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate - total
12.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate - male
13.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate - female
10.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population
74.6 years (2024 est.)
Life expectancy at birth - male
71.6 years
Life expectancy at birth - female
77.7 years
Total fertility rate
1.85 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.9 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: rural
rural: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: total
total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: rural
rural: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: total
total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
6.1% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
2.59 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density
1 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: rural
rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: total
total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural
rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total
total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
28.9% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita - total
4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - beer
3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - wine
0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits
0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols
0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use - total
13.8% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - male
21.8% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - female
6.3% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
4.2% (2022 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
53% (2023 est.)
Child marriage - women married by age 15
3.6% (2018)
Child marriage - women married by age 18
20.7% (2018)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)
14.2% national budget (2022 est.)
Literacy - total population
95% (2020 est.)
Literacy - male
96% (2020 est.)
Literacy - female
94% (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total
15 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male
14 years (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female
15 years (2022 est.)
Government
Country name - conventional long form
United Mexican States
Country name - conventional short form
Mexico
Country name - local long form
Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Country name - local short form
Mexico
Country name - former
Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire
Country name - etymology
name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people
Government type
federal presidential republic
Capital - name
Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)
Capital - geographic coordinates
19 26 N, 99 08 W
Capital - time difference
UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Capital - daylight saving time
DST was permanently removed in October 2022
Capital - time zone note
Mexico has four time zones
Capital - etymology
name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people
Administrative divisions
32 states ( estados , singular - estado ); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas
Legal system
civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts
Constitution - history
several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917
Constitution - amendment process
proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship - citizenship by birth
yes
Citizenship - citizenship by descent only
yes
Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized
not specified
Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch - chief of state
President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)
Executive branch - head of government
President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)
Executive branch - cabinet
Cabinet appointed by the president
Executive branch - election/appointment process
president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a single 6-year term
Executive branch - most recent election date
2 June 2024
Executive branch - election results
2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, Xóchitl GÁLVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge Álvarez MÁYNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3% 2018: Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cortés (PAN) 22.3%, José Antonio MEADE Kuribreña (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRÍGUEZ Calderón (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9% 2012: Enrique PEÑA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PEÑA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VÁZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%
Executive branch - expected date of next election
2030
Executive branch - note
note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Legislative branch - legislature name
Congress of the Union (Congreso de la Unión)
Legislative branch - legislative structure
bicameral
Legislative branch - note
note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms
Legislative branch - lower chamber - chamber name
Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - number of seats
500 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - electoral system
mixed system
Legislative branch - lower chamber - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - lower chamber - term in office
3 years
Legislative branch - lower chamber - most recent election date
6/2/2024
Legislative branch - lower chamber - parties elected and seats per party
National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (236); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (77); National Action Party (PAN) (72); Labour Party (PT) (51); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (35); Citizens' Movement (MC) (27); Other (2)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - percentage of women in chamber
50.2%
Legislative branch - lower chamber - expected date of next election
June 2027
Legislative branch - upper chamber - chamber name
Senate (Cámara de Senadores)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - number of seats
128 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - electoral system
mixed system
Legislative branch - upper chamber - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - upper chamber - term in office
6 years
Legislative branch - upper chamber - most recent election date
6/2/2024
Legislative branch - upper chamber - parties elected and seats per party
National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (60); National Action Party (PAN) (22); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (16); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (14); Labour Party (PT) (9); Other (7)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - percentage of women in chamber
50%
Legislative branch - upper chamber - expected date of next election
June 2030
Judicial branch - highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)
Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms
Judicial branch - subordinate courts
federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts
Judicial branch - note
note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation
Political parties
Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) or PVEM Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) or MORENA National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) or PAN Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) or PRD
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barragán (since 20 April 2021)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery
1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006
Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone
[1] (202) 728-1600
Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX
[1] (202) 728-1698
Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general
Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s)
Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Ronald D. JOHNSON (since 19 May 2025)
Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy
Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtémoc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX
Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address
8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC 20521-8700
Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone
(011) [52]-55-5080-2000
Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX
(011) 52-55-5080-2005
Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation from the US - consulate(s) general
Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mérida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana
International organization participation
ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)
National holiday
Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
Flag
description: three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band meaning: green stands for hope, joy, and love; white for peace and honesty; red for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor
National symbol(s)
golden eagle, dahlia
National color(s)
green, white, red
National coat of arms
Adopted in 1968, Mexico’s coat of arms is also used as the Seal of the United Mexican States. The Mexican Golden Eagle, a national symbol, is perched on a prickly pear cactus and eats a snake. Beneath the eagle, oak and laurel leaves are joined by a ribbon in the national colors. The image symbolizes the triumph of good over evil.
National anthem(s) - title
"Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico)
National anthem(s) - lyrics/music
Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA
National anthem(s) - history
adopted 1943
National heritage - total World Heritage Sites
36 (28 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)
National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales
Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c); Wixárika Route through Sacred Sites to Wirikuta (Tatehuarí Huajuyé) (c)
Economy
Economic overview
upper-middle-income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; weak domestic demand, fiscal consolidation, and trade uncertainty contributing to sluggish growth; low unemployment; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$2.883 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$2.842 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$2.751 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024
1.5% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023
3.3% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022
3.7% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024
$22,000 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023
$21,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022
$21,400 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.853 trillion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) - note
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
4.7% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
5.5% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
7.9% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture
3.8% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry
31.6% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services
58.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption
70.3% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption
11.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital
24.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories
0% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services
36.8% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services
-37.9% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023)
Agricultural products - note
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism
Industrial production growth rate
0.2% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate - note
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
60.959 million (2024 est.)
Labor force - note
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024
2.8% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023
2.8% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022
3.3% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate - note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total
5.5% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male
5.2% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female
6.1% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
36.3% (2022 est.)
Population below poverty line - note
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
43.5 (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures - on food
25.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco
2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%
2.1% (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%
34.4% (2022 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - note
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances - Remittances 2024
3.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2023
3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2022
4.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances - note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget - revenues
$342.571 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - expenditures
$417.843 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - note
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt - Public debt 2023
45.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Public debt - note
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
14.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Taxes and other revenues - note
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance - Current account balance 2024
-$5.986 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2023
-$5.611 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2022
-$17.701 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance - note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports - Exports 2024
$680.798 billion (2024 est.)
Exports - Exports 2023
$649.729 billion (2023 est.)
Exports - Exports 2022
$630.347 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
USA 76%, Canada 5%, China 2%, Germany 2%, Spain 1% (2023)
Exports - partners - note
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks, computers (2023)
Exports - commodities - note
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - Imports 2024
$697.067 billion (2024 est.)
Imports - Imports 2023
$674.695 billion (2023 est.)
Imports - Imports 2022
$672.914 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
USA 46%, China 20%, Germany 4%, Japan 3%, S. Korea 3% (2023)
Imports - partners - note
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, cars (2023)
Imports - commodities - note
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$232.035 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$214.317 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$201.119 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external - Debt - external 2023
$306.308 billion (2023 est.)
Debt - external - note
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates - Currency
Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024
18.305 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023
17.759 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022
20.127 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021
20.272 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020
21.486 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access - electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Electricity access - electrification - urban areas
99.8%
Electricity access - electrification - rural areas
100%
Electricity - installed generating capacity
105.586 million kW (2023 est.)
Electricity - consumption
332.042 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - exports
1.97 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - imports
4.863 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - transmission/distribution losses
45.47 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels
79.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - nuclear
3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - solar
4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - wind
5.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity
5.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - geothermal
1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - biomass and waste
1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy - Number of operational nuclear reactors
2 (2025)
Nuclear energy - Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors
1.55GW (2025 est.)
Nuclear energy - Percent of total electricity production
4.9% (2023 est.)
Coal - production
6.296 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - consumption
15.132 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - exports
4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - imports
8.809 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - proven reserves
1.16 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum - total petroleum production
2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption
1.741 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
Petroleum - crude oil estimated reserves
5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas - production
33.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - consumption
97.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - exports
27.92 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - imports
64.289 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - proven reserves
180.322 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023
57.539 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions
25.637 million (2023 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
20 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions
140 million (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
100 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media
telecom reform in 2013 ended a quasi-monopoly; now 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations, most privately owned; foreign satellite and cable operators are available; completed transition to digital in 2016 (2022)
Internet country code
.mx
Internet users - percent of population
81% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total
26.6 million (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
21 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
XA
Airports
1,580 (2025)
Heliports
488 (2025)
Railways - total
23,389 km (2017)
Railways - standard gauge
23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)
Merchant marine - total
674 (2023)
Merchant marine - by type
bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627
Ports - total ports
35 (2024)
Ports - large
0
Ports - medium
7
Ports - small
10
Ports - very small
14
Ports - size unknown
4
Ports - ports with oil terminals
21
Ports - key ports
Acapulco, Ensenada, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz
Military and Security
Military and security forces
the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de México) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy: Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM), National Guard (Guardia Nacional); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2025)
Military and security forces - note
note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024
0.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023
0.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022
0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021
0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2020
0.6% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
information varies; approximately 260,000 active-duty Armed Forces; approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported armaments from a variety of mostly Western suppliers, particularly the US; Mexico's defense industry produces light armored vehicles and some naval vessels, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2025)
Military service age and obligation
18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary service for men and women; men at age 18 subject to lottery-based 12-month compulsory military service (2025)
Military - note
the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; internal security duties are a key focus, particularly combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces’ role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President LóPEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast (2025)
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Gulf Cartel (CDG); Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG); La Mara Salvatruche (MS-13); Northeast Cartel (CDN); The New Family Michoacana (LNFM); Sinaloa Cartel; United Cartels (CU)
Terrorist group(s) - note
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees
417,546 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - IDPs
390,250 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons
13 (2024 est.)
Illicit drugs - USG identification
major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Environment
Environmental issues
scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; urban river pollution from raw sewage and industrial effluents; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air and water pollution in urban areas; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
Environmental issues - note
note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation as national security issues
International environmental agreements - party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Climate
varies from tropical to desert
Land use - agricultural land
50.7% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
34.2% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
15.1% (2023 est.)
Urbanization - urban population
81.6% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions
441.049 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke
32.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids
228.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from consumed natural gas
180.684 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
17.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions - energy
1,389 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Methane emissions - agriculture
2,372.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Methane emissions - waste
1,832.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Methane emissions - other
49.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually
53.1 million tons (2024 est.)
Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled
9.6% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - municipal
13.33 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - industrial
7.953 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - agricultural
68.523 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
461.888 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks - total global geoparks and regional networks
2
Geoparks - global geoparks and regional networks
Comarca Minera, Hidalgo; Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca (2023)
Space
Space agency/agencies
Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013) (2025)
Space program overview
has a national space policy with a focus on expanding Mexico's commercial space sector, including acquiring satellites and developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research on a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and weather sciences, remote sensing, robotics, satellite payloads, and telecommunications; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Japan, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; led effort to establish the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency and hosts its headquarters (2025)
Key space-program milestones
1962-1977 - sounding rocket program 1985 - first Mexican in space on US Space Shuttle; first communications satellite (Morelos-1) built by US and released from the US Space Shuttle 2015 - first successful launch of MEXSAT series of communications satellites by the US 2021 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration 2024 - contributed five autonomous micro-robots (Colmena project) on failed US commercial Moon lander mission